MACROEVOLUTION

MACROEVOLUTION

Patterns and processes in evolution above the species level. Results in speciation. It is the large-scale change in species over time, introducing new ones.

Speciation

The formation of a new species when the population is no longer capable of inbreeding.

Divergent Evolution

A pattern of macroevolution where related species diverge into two or more evolutionary groups from a common ancestor to adapt and fit to the environment.

Convergent Evolution

A pattern of macroevolution where distinctly different species evolve to look more similar due to conditions in their environment.

Parallel Evolution

A pattern of macroevolution where two species that descend from a common ancestor display similar traits because they adapt to similar environmental changes.

Co-Evolution

A pattern of macroevolution where one species changes, and the other species changes so that their relationship can continue.

REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATING MECHANISMS

Factors that prevent species from interbreeding and producing fertile offspring, thereby promoting speciation. Prevents species from making successful offspring.

Pre-Zygotic Isolation

Occurs before the formation of a zygote, or isolation that happens before fertilization or mating.

Habitat Isolation

A type of pre-zygotic isolation that happens when two species occupying different habitats even in the same geographical range are less likely to meet and mate.This can happen from different preferences in areas of living, like near water or land.

Temporal Isolation

A type of pre-zygotic isolation that occurs when species that live in the same area do not breed because they reproduce at different seasons, and times of the year.

Behavioral Isolation

A type of pre-zygotic isolation that occurs when two different species have different mating rituals or behavior, which prevent them from seeing each other as potential mates.

Mechanical Isolation

A type of pre-zygotic isolation that occurs when animal genitalia or structures are physically incompatible.

Gametic Isolation

A type of pre-zygotic isolation that occurs when gametes refuse to fuse or fertilize even after meeting.

Post-Zygotic Isolation

A form of reproductive isolation that happens after fertilization, they prevent the hybrid offspring from living or producing another offspring.

Hybrid Inviability

A type of post-zygotic isolation that occurs when the hybrid offspring is unable to fully develop and survive. This results in the death of the offspring before it gets to reproduce.

Hybrid Sterility

A type of post-zygotic isolation that occurs when the hybrid grows up into a sterile/infertile adult, unable to reproduce offspring of their own.

Hybrid Breakdown

A type of post-zygotic isolation occurs when first-generation hybrids are viable and fertile for reproduction, however their offspring is weak and sterile

Modes of speciation

Refers to processes of how new species may arise.

Allopatric Speciation

A mode of speciation that occurs when a population is divided by a physical or geographical barrier that leads to habitat isolation. Preventing interbreeding

Parapatric Speciation

A mode of speciation that occurs when two populations live in neighboring areas but share a border zone where each of their areas are different environments.

Sympatric Speciation

A mode of speciation that occurs when a new species arises from sharing the same area, without any barriers.