Microbiology--Cedarville University--Dr. Collins Exam 1

What does it mean for a microorganism to be pathogenic?

Disease producing

How many names does a microorganism have?

two

What are the two types of names for each microorganism?

Genus and Specific Epithet

True or false: the genus name is sometimes capitalized

False (it is ALWAYS capitalized

What is the most common microorganism found in the large intestines?

E. Coli

What name of a microorganism can or may be abbreviated?

Genus

Where can one find E. coli?

lare intestines

What type of microorganism are bacteria?

prokaryote

What type of microorganism is archaea?

Prokaryotes

Which type of microorganism lives in extreme environments?

Archaea

What are extreme halophiles?

salt loving archaea

What are extreme thermophiles?

heat loving archaea

Where can one find s. aureus?

the skin

What type of microorganism is fungi?

Eukaryote

What is found within the cell wall of fungi?

Chitin

How does fungi receive energy?

Absorption of organic chemicals

What type of microorganism is protozoa?

Eukaryote

True or false: protozoa is a free-living parasite

true

What does it mean for a microorganism to be a free-living parasite?

derive nutrients from living hosts

What type of microorganism is algae?

Eukaryote

How does algae get energy?

photosynthesis

What gives algae its energy?

the sun

What does algae produce?

oxygen and carbohydrates

What type of microorganism are viruses?

acellular

How many coats or layers surround a viral cell?

Two

What are the two coats of a virus made out of?

proteins and lipids

Why is it so hard to get to the core of a virus?

The coats are good at protecting the DNA

What type of coat is the DNA enclosed in for an envelope?

Lipid

When can viral cells be replicated?

When they are in a living host cell

When do people believe microorganisms entered the world

Day three of creation

What was the belief between plants and microorganism when they entered the world

they lived in a symbolic relationship

Who invented the first microscope?

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

What is the magnification range that one can see a microorganism from a microscope (originally)?

50-300x

How did microorganisms come about?

After the fall

True or false: microorganisms were always harmful

false (made harmful after the fall)

Theory that living organisms can develop from nothing or non-living matter

Spontaneous generation

Who was the scientist that tried to disprove spontaneous generation with meat, maggots, and a jar?

Francesco Redi

What was the point of the Miller-Urey experiment?

prove abiogenesis

What material or tool was used for the miller-urey experiment?

millions of long-time existing chemicals

What was produced as a result of the Miller-Urey experiment?

amino acids

Did the product of the Miller-Urey experiment prove abiogenesis?

No, it did not produce proteins; nor a cell (need DNA to make proteins and vice versa)

If the Miller-Urey proved anything what was it?

The need for a designer in order to make anything

Who was said to be the father of the Germ Theory?

Pasteur and Schwann

Who correlated the process of wine making and beer making with yeast-by products?

Pasteur

What was the wine/beer making experiment said to create?

Pasteurization

Who was said to be the father of sterilization?

Joseph Lister

What did J. Lister develop?

concept of antiseptic surgery

What was used to eliminate infection after the experiment of Lister?

phenol

What was used to sterilize the product of the Lister experiment?

heat

What is the first Koch Postulate?

microbes must be present in every case of the disease but not in healthy animal (pathogenic in unhealthy people but not healthy people)

Who demonstrated the role of microbes in causing disease?

Robert Koch

What is the second Koch postulate?

Suspected microbe must be isolated and grown in pure culture (just the microorganism, no contamination)

What is the third Koch postulate?

Same disease must result when pure culture inoculated into healthy host (entered into)

What is the fourth Koch postulate?

Same microbe isolated from infected host

What is the first exception to the postulates?

some individuals may be immune --healthy host (Typhoid Mary)

What is the second exception to the postulates?

not everything can be grown in pure culture-viruses-M. leprae-lepracy

What is the third exception to the postulates?

Some microbes can cause various diseases

What is the fourth exception to the postulates?

various organisms can cause the same disease

What is the fifth exception to the postulates?

Might not be ethical-HIV

Who is accredited to be the father of vaccines?

Pasteur

What is used for a vaccine?

the bones of the disease (all the parts except the pathological part of the disease)

what does it mean for something to be attenuated?

dead- bad part is gone

How is a microorganism affected when it reaches attenuation?

can not longer produce a disease

What did Pasteur use to test his vaccines?

chickens

Idea of injecting attenuated strains to protect healthy animals or humans from microbial infection was termed what?

vaccine

What was the first vaccine Pasteur was best known for creating?

Anthrax and viral disease rabies

Who is said to be responsible for identifying and creating a vaccine and antitoxin by injection of healthy animals with inactivated toxin?

Von Behring and Kitasato

Who created penicillin?

Alexander Fleming

Who discovered DNA?

Rosalind Franklin

Who created the first DNA model?

James Watson and Francis Crick