2D ECHO FINALS

A patient with LVMI of 0.45 g/m² suggests:

NORMAL CARDIAC STRUCTURE

Which coronary artery supplies blood to the front and bottom of the left ventricle?

LEFT ANTERIOR DESCENDING ARTERY

What is the primary mechanism underlying coronary artery disease?

CHOLESTEROL DEPOSIT BUILDUP

Which risk factor is NOT traditionally associated with coronary artery disease?

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

What defines ischemia in stable heart disease?

MYOCARDIAL OXYGEN DEMAND EXCEEDING SUPPLY

What is the typical Wall Motion Score Index for a completely normal heart?

1.0

Which condition involves fluid buildup around the heart?

PERICARDIAL EFFUSION

What defines cardiac tamponade?

FLUID ACCUMULATION COMPRESSING CARDIAC CHAMBERS

Which symptom is NOT typically associated with heart arrhythmia?

MUSCLE RIGIDITY

What characterizes an Acute Coronary Syndrome?

PLAQUE RUPTURE LEADING TO ATHEROTHROMBOSIS

What indicates a potential wall motion abnormality in cardiac imaging?

ASYMMETRIC CONTRACTILITY

Which coronary artery supplies blood to the right atrium?

RIGHT CORONARY ARTERY

What size defines a large pericardial effusion?

GREATER THAN 20 mm

Which condition results from absolute lack of oxygen demand?

CARDIAC ARREST

What indicates potential cardiac compromise in pericardial effusion?

RIGHT ATRIAL COLLAPSE

Which diagnostic technique adds significant value in evaluating Acute Coronary Syndrome?

CARDIAC POCUS

What percentage of IVC collapse suggests significant pericardial effusion?

LESS THAN 25%

Which condition involves irregular heartbeat patterns?

HEART ARRYTHMIA

What is atherosclerosis primarily characterized by?

CHOLESTEROL PLAQUE BUILDUP

Which scenario typically indicates a Wall Motion Score Index associated with heart failure?

SCORE GREATER THAN 1.7

Left Atrial Volume Index (LAVI) >34 mL/m² indicates:

MODERATE LEFT ATRIAL ENLARGEMENT

Cardiac Output (CO) calculation primarily depends on:

STROKE VOLUME X HEART RATE

Simpson's method for Ejection Fraction differs from Teicholz method by:

USING VOLUMETRIC MEASUREMENTS

Relative Wall Thickness (RWT) >0.42 suggests:

CONCENTRIC REMODELING

Left Ventricular Mass calculation requires:

LINEAR MEASUREMENTS

Right Ventricular Fractional Area Change (RVFAC) >35% indicates:

NORMAL RV FUNCTION

Body Surface Area (BSA) is most accurately calculated using:

DUBOIS METHOD

Peak gradient >50 mmHg across aortic valve suggests:

SEVERE STENOSIS

Left Ventricular Stroke Volume calculation involves:

LVOT AREA X VELOCITY TIME INTEGRAL

Qp:Qs ratio in VSD >1.5 indicates:

SIGNIFICANT LEFT-TO-RIGHT SHUNT

Fractional Shortening (FS) <20% suggests:

SEVERE SYSTOLIC DYSFUNCTION

Teicholz method for EF calculation relies on:

LINEAR DIMENSIONS

Velocity of Circumferential Fiber Shortening (VCF) reflects:

MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTILITY

Mitral Valve Area by Pressure Half-Time (PHT) method assumes:

EXPONENTIAL PRESSURE DECLINE

Continuity Equation (CE) for Mitral Valve Area requires:

FLOW VELOCITY

Aortic Valve Area by Continuity Equation involves:

LVOT VELOCITY X LVOT AREA

Tricuspid Valve Area by Continuity Equation depends on:

RVOT AREA

Qp:Qs ratio in ASD >1.5 suggests:

SIGNIFICANT LEFT-TO-RIGHT SHUNT

A comprehensive echocardiographic assessment requires understanding of:

ALL OF THE ABOVE

What is the formula to calculate Peak Gradient in mitral stenosis?

PG = 4V2

What is the primary difference between aortic regurgitation and aortic stenosis?

DIRECTION OF ABNORMAL BLOOD FLOW

What is the primary cause of mitral stenosis?

RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE

A patient with mitral stenosis has a mitral valve area of 1.2 cm². If the peak gradient across the valve is measured to be 16 mmHg, what is the approximate mean gradient?

9.6 mmHg

In a patient with mitral regurgitation, the PISA radius is measured as 0.7 cm with an aliasing velocity of 30 cm/s. What is the flow rate (Q) through the regurgitant orifice?

184.8 cm3/s

A patient with aortic stenosis has a peak velocity of 4 m/s across the aortic valve. What is the peak gradient?

64 mmHg

In a patient with aortic regurgitation, the LVOT diameter is 2.2 cm and the LVOT VTI is 20 cm. The mitral annulus diameter is 3.0 cm with a VTI of 15 cm. Calculate the regurgitant volume.

44.7 mL

A patient with an atrial septal defect has a Qp/Qs ratio of 2.5. If the systemic flow (Qs) is 5 L/min, what is the pulmonary flow (Qp)?

12.5 L/min

In a patient with ventricular septal defect, the RVOT diameter is 2.5 cm with a VTI of 18 cm. The LVOT diameter is 2.2 cm with a VTI of 22 cm. Calculate the Qp/Qs ratio.

1.48

A patient with mitral regurgitation has a regurgitant volume of 45 mL and a total stroke volume of 90 mL. What is the regurgitant fraction?

50%

In aortic stenosis assessment, if the LVOT diameter is 2.0 cm, LVOT VTI is 18 cm, and AO VTI is 90 cm, what is the calculated aortic valve area?

0.63 cm2

A patient with mitral stenosis has a mitral valve area of 1.5 cm² and a mean gradient of 6 mmHg. If the mitral valve area decreases to 1.0 cm², assuming all other factors remain constant, what would be the new approximate mean gradient?

9 mmHg

In a patient with aortic regurgitation, the regurgitant volume is 40 mL and the VTI of the AR jet is 200 cm. What is the estimated regurgitant orifice area (EROA)?

0.20 cm2

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of mitral stenosis on echocardiography?

INCREASED E-F SLOPE

What is the formula used to calculate the peak gradient in mitral stenosis?

PG = 4v2

Which method is NOT used to calculate Mitral Valve Area (MVA) in mitral stenosis?

SIMPSON’S METHOD

In chronic mitral regurgitation, what is typically observed regarding ejection fraction and left ventricular size?

SUPRANORMAL EF, DILATED LV

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of mitral regurgitation?

REDUCED AFTERLOAD

What does EROA stand for in the context of mitral regurgitation assessment?

EFFECTIVE REGURGITANT ORIFICE AREA

Which of the following formulas is used to calculate the regurgitant fraction in mitral regurgitation?

RF = REGURG VOLUME / SV TOTAL

What is the primary etiology of aortic stenosis in adults?

DEGENERATIVE CALCIFICATION

Which of the following is NOT typically seen in severe aortic stenosis on echocardiography?

INCREASED E-F SLOPE

What is the formula used to calculate the Aortic Valve Area (AVA) using the continuity equation?

AVA = (LVOT² × 0.785 × LVOT VTI) / AO VTI

What does the Dimension Index (DI) represent in aortic stenosis assessment?

RATIO OF LVOT VTI TO AO VTI

Which of the following is NOT a common cause of chronic aortic regurgitation?

MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE

What is the formula for calculating the Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area (PISA) in aortic regurgitation?

PISA = 4π × (PISA radius)²

How is the Effective Regurgitant Orifice Area (EROA) calculated in aortic regurgitation?

EROA = Regurg Volume / VTI AR jet

Which type of atrial septal defect (ASD) is most common?

OSTIUM SECUNDUM

What does the 'D Sign' on echocardiography indicate in the context of ASD?

RIGHT VENTRICULAR OVERLOAD

How is the pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratio (Qp/Qs) calculated in ASD?

Qp/Qs = (RVOT² × 0.785 × RVOT VTI) / (LVOT² × 0.785 × LVOT VTI)

Which type of ventricular septal defect (VSD) is most common?

MEMBRANOUS VSD

What echocardiographic view is best for visualizing a membranous VSD?

PARASTERNAL LONG AXIS

In aortic regurgitation, when does the abnormal blood flow occur?

DURING DIASTOLE

Which condition is characterized by a narrowing of the aortic valve orifice?

AORTIC STENOSIS

What is a common hemodynamic consequence of chronic aortic regurgitation?

LEFT VENTRICULAR VOLUME OVERLOAD

Which of the following is NOT a typical cause of chronic aortic regurgitation?

MITRAL VALVE CALCIFICATION

In aortic stenosis, what shape does the continuous wave Doppler typically show?

DAGGER SHAPE

What is the primary method for calculating the aortic valve area (AVA) in aortic stenosis?

CONTINUITY EQUATION

Which of the following is NOT typically observed in severe aortic regurgitation?

DECREASED AFTERLOAD

What does EROA stand for in the context of aortic regurgitation quantification?

EFFECTIVE REGURGITANT ORIFICE AREA

Which of the following is a key difference in the left ventricular response to chronic aortic regurgitation versus aortic stenosis?

AS LEADS TO ECCENTRIC HYPERTROPHY, AS TO CONCENTRIC HYPERTROPHY

In aortic stenosis, what does an increased 'mean gradient' indicate?

WORSENING STENOSIS

Which of the following is NOT a typical 2D echocardiographic finding in aortic stenosis?

RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY

What is the primary difference in the color Doppler appearance of aortic regurgitation versus aortic stenosis?

AR shows a diastolic jet into LV, AS shows a systolic jet into aorta

Which of the following formulas is used to calculate the peak gradient in aortic stenosis?

PG = 4v²

What does the 'vena contracta' measurement represent in aortic regurgitation assessment?

THE WIDTH OF THE REGURGITANT JET AT ITS ORIGIN

In aortic stenosis, what does a dimensionless index (velocity ratio) < 0.25 typically indicate?

SEVERE STENOSIS

Which of the following is NOT a typical consequence of chronic severe aortic regurgitation?

INCREASE AFTERLOAD

What is the primary difference in the calculation of regurgitant volume between mitral and aortic regurgitation?

AORTIC USES LVOT, MITRAL USES MITRAL ANNULUS

Which of the following best describes the left ventricular response in chronic, severe aortic stenosis?

NORMAL SIZE WITH THICK WALLS

What is the primary difference in the pressure-volume loop between aortic stenosis and aortic regurgitation?

AS HAS INCREASED AFTER LOAD, AR HAS INCREASED PRELOAD

How is Mitral Valve Area (MVA) calculated using pressure half-time?

MVA = 220 / PHT

What is the formula for calculating Regurgitant Flow using PISA method?

Q = 2πr² × nyquist velocity

How is Regurgitant Volume calculated in mitral regurgitation?

RegurgV = EROA × VTI MR jet

What is the formula for calculating Effective Regurgitant Orifice Area (EROA) using PISA method?

ERO = 2πr² × aliasing velocity / Peak MR velocity

How is Aortic Valve Area (AVA) calculated using the continuity equation?

AVA = (LVOT² × 0.785 × LVOT VTI) / AO VTI

What is the formula for calculating Mean Gradient in aortic stenosis?

MG = 4.4v²

How is Regurgitant Fraction calculated in aortic regurgitation?

RF = Regurg volume / SV Total

What is the formula for calculating Qp in a ventricular septal defect?

Qp = RVOT² × 0.785 × RVOT VTI

How is Qs calculated in a ventricular septal defect?

Qs = LVOT² × 0.785 × LVOT VTI