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Is converted into glucose for your body to function
Carbohydrates
Simple carbohydrates
Monosaccharides (single sugar), Disaccharides (dual/double sugar)
Complex carbohydrates
Polysaccharides (many sugar)
Monosaccharides chemical formula
C6H12O6
Dextrose or blood sugar
1. Primary fuel for the body
2. Found in all disaccharides & polysaccharides.
Glucose
Fruit sugar (sweetest)
1. Found in fruit, honey, syrup
2. Converts to glucose in the body
Fructose
Part of lactose
1. Found in milk.
2. Converts to glucose in the body
Galactose
Maltose – malt sugar
1. Glucose + Glucose
2. Found in germinating seeds & used in fermentation to produce malted beverages (beer, whiskey)
Maltose
Table sugar
1. Glucose + Fructose
2. Refined from sugar beets & cane
Sucrose
Milk sugar
1. Glucose + Galactose
2. Lactose intolerance – missing digestive enzyme needed to split into two monosaccharide parts to absorb it
Lactose
Bonding of 2 monosaccharide
Condensation
Separation of 2 monosaccharide
Hydrolysis
Long chains of glucose are found in animals.
1. Stored in liver & muscles.
2. Helps maintain blood glucose and important source of “quick energy”, esp. during exercise (lasts only about 12 hrs)
Glycogen
Long chains of glucose found in plants.
Cereal grains (wheat, rice, corn, etc.), legumes (beans & peas), and root vegetables (potatoes, yams)
Starch
Mostly indigestible CHO; gums, mucilages, lignin
• Component of plant cell walls
• Classified according to solubility in water.
• Abundant in whole grains, legumes, fruits and vegetables
Fibers
nonviscous;cellulose, lignins
Insoluble Fibers
viscous & fermentable ; pectins, gums, mucilages
Soluble Fibers
Process of Digestion
Mouth
Stomach
Small Intestines
Pancreas
Large Intestines
Produced by Mouth
Salivary Amylase
Produced by Pancreas
Pancreatic Amylase
Produced by Large Intestines
Mainly gas (flatulence)
Stored as glycogen-() in the liver () in the muscle
1/3 and 2/3
Gluconeogenesis
Glucose made from protein
What happens when carbohydrates are in excess?
Converted to fat
Glucose Pyruvate + ATP are produced
Glycolysis
Conversion of excess glucose into glycogen in the liver for storage
Glycogenesis
Breakdown of glycogen to glucose
Glycogenolysis
Conversion of non-carbohydrate source (amino acids) to glucose
Gluconeogenesis
Conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids
Lipogenesis
Breakdown of fats to glucose for energy
Lipolysis
These maintain glucose homeostasis.
Regulating hormones
Primary hypoglycemic agent; uptake of glucose by cells
From beta cells
Insulin
Primary hyperglycemic agent
From Alpha cells
Glucagon
Autoimmune diabetes
Type 1 Mellitus Diabetes
Acquired diabetes
Types 2 Mellitus Diabetes
Complex carbohydrates & fibre may reduce the risk of:
-Heart disease
-Diabetes
-GI issues
-Cancer
-Obesity
• Lower blood cholesterol by binding dietary cholesterol so less absorbed.
• Slow glucose absorption
• Slow transit of food through upper GI tract
• Holds moisture in stools, softening them.
• Lower risk of heart disease
• Lower risk of diabetes
Soluble Fibers
• Increase fecal weight - helps form soft, bulky stools which improves G.I. motility & reduces risk of constipation, hemorrhoids, diverticulosis & colon cancer.
• Speed fecal passage through colon
• Provide bulk and feelings of fullness (satiety)
Insoluble Fibers
Alternative sweeteners (Sugar Alcohol)
Mannitol, Sorbitol, Xylitol
Alternative sweeteners (Artificial Sweeteners)
Aspartame, Sucralose
Hyperglycemia
Increase in blood glucose concentration
160-180mg/dL
Glucosuria
Glucose in the urine
Hypoglycemia
Decrease in blood glucose concentration
50-55mg/dL
A. low blood glucose
B. Symptoms of hypoglycemia
C. Relief of symptoms after glucose administration
Whipple’s triad
DIABETIC COMA
Hyperglycemia above 400 mg/dL
Hypoglycemia below 60 mg/dL
Sorbitol, Mannitol, Xylitol
0.5
0.7
1
(Relative Sweetness)
Aspartame
Sucralose
200
600
(Avg Amount to replace 1 tsp Sugar)
Aspartame
Sucralose
18 mg
6 mg
Note 
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