WW1 test

What are the MAIN causes of WW1?

Militarism

Alliances

Imperialism

Nationalism

Militarism-include what it can help with/benefits, what happened with the countries specifically in terms of militarism to case WW1, and What did all of this cause/do

In summary..

• A build up of armies and troops-built fear

• Basically all the European countries were building their military which created tension

Benefits

• Helps with reinforcing the power of a country, increasing their chances of victory, can be used if negotiations fail, etc.

What happened with the countries specifically in terms of militarism to cause WW1?

• Germany kinda felt like they had to build a navy that matched Britain’s-due to fear and jealousy

• At this point in time, Russia also had a huge population which gave it an advantage in terms of military power since it could create huge armies

• Many countries also created standing armies (permanent professional military forces). Since these armies were always ready for war, increasing military competition and tensions

• Countries at this period were also beginning to improve their navies-new ships, etc.-advanced technology in naval design. This was especially important for imperial powers (like Britain and Germany) that relied on strong navies to control overseas colonies.

What did all of this cause/do?

• New weapons caused fear and animosity between nations-The development of more advanced and deadly weapons (like machine guns, long-range artillery, and warships) created fear and increased tensions between countries, as everyone prepared for potential war.

• Sense of invincibility – can’t lose-Many nations believed that their military strength made them unbeatable, leading them to act more aggressively. This overconfidence made them more willing to go to war, thinking they would easily win.

What did militarism cause?

The need for imperialism-With stronger militaries and growing industries, countries needed resources and markets, leading them to colonize other territories (imperialism) to fuel their economies and maintain power. Also allowed for stronger armies and support from their colonies.

Alliances (include what alliances existed during/for WW1 + what is it)

What is it?

• Formal agreements between countries with the promise of military backing

What were the alliances?

• Triple Entente – England, Russia, France

• Triple Alliance – Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

• Russia supported Serbia for war

• France and Russia bordered Germany to the West and East and had an alliance

• France and England had an alliance

• Germany and Austria-Hungary both Germanic; natural allies

add diagram maybe

Imperialism-include what is it, what does it do/how does it help, what did this cause

What is it?

• Collecting foreign territories

What does this do/how does it help?

• More land re-enforces the power of the country

• Some countries had territories in other places; able to start war more easily

• Added to the number of troops available to fight

What did this cause?

• Caused hostility between nations with changing claims of land

• Increased sizes of nations-cause more countries ig

• Natural resources allowed for expanded industrialization in the homeland

• Increased industrialization lead to increased production of modern weapons

• Standing armies to protect your colonies

• Armies gain experience from fighting colonial wars

Nationalism-include what it is, what it causes + in terms of WW1

What is it?

• Pride in one’s nation

• Protect interests of one nation at others’ expense

• Willing to die for their country

• Feeling of superiority because of nationality

In terms of WW1…

• Death of Franz Ferdinand

What does this cause?

• Causes animosity towards aggressors or invaders

• The need to unite common people

• Historical powers still existed-Even though nationalist movements were rising, pushing for self-determination (e.g., in the Balkans, where Serbia wanted independence from Austria-Hungary), these historical empires (like The Austro-Hungarian empire, British empire, etc.) still held significant power and influence. They resisted nationalist movements that threatened their control, leading to tensions that contributed to WWI.

What did Kaiser Wilhelm launch that has caused an arms race in Europe?

14 new battleships

What is the Black Hand gang?

A terrorist group sponsored by the state/government

Who is the leader of the Black Hand gang (include local and general leaders)?

The local leader: Princip

The general leader: Apis

What is the Black Hand’s ultimate political goal?

To recreate greater Serbia 

When did Bosnia used to be a part of greater Serbia?

7 centuries ago-like medieval times

What is the significance of June 28th in Bosnia?

The holiest day in the Serbian orthodox calendar

Why is Gavrilo Princip coughing so violently in this scene? Why does this make him a “man with nothing to lose?”

He’s dying of tuberculosis -if he gets killed or caught and then killed he’s got nothing to lose because he’s dying anyway

Why is Princip personally angry at the Austro-Hungarian empire?

Because he felt that it oppressed and exploited the South Slavic people, including Serbs like himself. His family was poor to the point where they couldn’t even afford food, but were still expected to pa taxes imposed on them by the Austro-Hungarian government. Therefore making his family stuck in a bad situation and giving him the belief that Austria-Hungary did not care about the suffering of his people.

He saw the empire as a foreign oppressor that denied Serbs independence and self-rule, fueling his nationalist beliefs and desire to fight for Serbian freedom.

He got sent to Sarajevo at 13 to live with his brother-while he was at school, the empire introduced martial law to control the Bosnian Serbs-he was disgusted and this also made him personally angry

Why is Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian empire, being targeted for assassination by the Black Hand?

Although he wasn't actually the emperor he was a figure of the empire and represented the power of the empire

• He represented Austro-Hungarian rule over Slavic territories like Bosnia, which many Serbs wanted to be free or united with Serbia.-cause Bosnia used to be a part of Greater Serbia b4 getting taken over by the Austro-Hungarian empire. -still consider themselves Serbians

• His visit to Sarajevo was seen as a provocation, as it was on June 28, 1914—Vidovdan, an important Serbian national holiday.

• Serbian nationalists saw Austria-Hungary as oppressors, and killing Franz Ferdinand was meant to strike a blow against their rule.

What is the Archduke’s goal in touring Serbia on June 28th?

He wants to win over the ppl Bosnian people, particularly the Serbian population within the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He wants to stop the oppression of the Boznian serbs and give them a say in how the empire is run. He wants to have a friendly image to his subject. He also wanted to reduce nationalist unrest and promote loyalty to the empire by presenting himself as a ruler who cared about their needs.

Muhamed Mehmedbašić-what is his role in the assassination-what does he do

He doesn’t act/do anything

Nedeljko Čabrinović-role in assassination

Asks a policeman to point out the archduke's car

Hurls a grenade at the archduke-bomb had a 10 sec delay-archduke unharmed

After, he drank cyanide and tried to kill himself but failed because the cyanide was bad

Gavrilo Princip-role in assassination

Ensures the job is finished if sm1 botches the attack with a gun

He shoots Ferdinand and his wife -but originally he was too stunned to do anything the first time but the second time when by chance he saw the archduke he killed them

Why does Franz Ferdinand and his entourage decide to change plans and visit the hospital now instead?

Cause he wanted to visit ppl got hurt-for example those in the car behind him, ppl with him and 12 bystanders

Explain the twist of fate that leads to the Archduke and Countess’s deaths?

The driver took a wrong turn on the way to the hospital to visit the people injured from the grenade-Princip had gone for lunch and the café was near the hospital and ended up having a clear shot. Also, when the Archduke realized they had taken a wrong turn and told the driver to turn around, the gear jammed aallowing Princip to take the shot

What evidence does Danilo Ilić provide that strongly suggests that the Serbian government was involved in the assassination plot?

Said the Princip had stayed with him in saree arabia

What was the overall significance of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand?

War in serbia caused a domino effect cause of the alliances and stuff so all of europe just kinda goes to war a few months after the assassination

What were the results of the assassination of archduke Franz Ferdinand?

Austria-Hungary blamed the Serbian government for killing their heir to the throne

So, Austria-Hungary sent Serbia an ULTIMATUM

What were the terms of the ultimatum?

1. Crush the nationalism (strong feeling and desire for independence in your country)

2. Punish those involved in the assassination

3. Allow Austria-Hungary to have troops in Serbia in order to kill the Black Hand

So what happened abt the ultimatum?

• Serbia refused term #3 of the ultimatum

• Austria-Hungary took this as a complete refusal and thus invaded Serbia on July 26, 1914

• Russia (ally of Serbia) mobilized (get ready for war) its army (July 30, 1914)

• France (ally of Russia) mobilizes as well

• Germany felt threatened by France and Russia and thus Germany ordered them to stop mobilizing their troops

• But….THEY DON’T!

• So…..Germany is mad!

When did the war begin and stuff

• Germany declares war on Russia on August 1, 1914 and on France the next day

• Britain therefore declares war on Germany on August 4, 1914

• French border heavily fortified between Germany and France so Germany goes through neutral Belgium (Schlieffen Plan)

• Britain declares war on Germany to protect Belgium

What did the whole war declaration mean for Caanda?

• Canada became a country on July 1, 1867 and was no longer a colony of Britain

-now considered a “dominion” of Britain

• Because of this dominion status, the British declaration of war automatically brought Canada into the war

→left foreign policy decisions in the hands of the British parliament

• However, the Canadian government had the freedom to determine the country's level of involvement in the war

Explain the Schlieffen plan

• Germany wanted to go like thru Belgium to France

• The plan was Germany’s key war plan for invading France at the start of WW1

• Involved marching thru belgium, knocking out France in order to get France out of the war quickly

• Germany believed war with Russia was extremely likely (cause bordered on both sides-and fighting a war on both sides isn’t good also didn’t wanna be fighting on both fronts) -if war broke out Germany assumed France would also attack as it was both an ally of Russia and keen for revenge for its defeat in the Franco-Prussian war

• If this happened, Germany would face a war on both fronts and wanted to avoid this-therefore wanted to invade France and get them out of the way super quickly so that they didn’t have to fight a war o both fronts

Who was involved in the Schlieffen plan?

Created (plan) by von Schlieffen (German strategist) in 1905 (war happened in 1914)

Where did the Schlieffen plan happen?

• Germany mobilize troops and invade France b4 France could fully mobilize its troops to defend itself and then turn on Russia b4 the Russians were ready-kinda like a surprise attack on both

• Planned to disregard the neutrality of Luxembourg., Belgium and the Netherlands as the Germans swung around to invade France

When did the Schlieffen plan happen?

• Devised in 1905

• Modified in 1906 when Schlieffen retired

• Put into action August 2nd 1914

• However, Russia mobilized in just 10 days and Germany was forced to withdraw troops from the Schlieffen plan to defend the eastern border-faster than expected because plan devised in 1905 but now they have railways, industrialization, etc. That wasn’t accounted for back then

• Met by the French on September 5, 1914 at the Battle of the Marne and Germany could not advance further-kinda got stuck-this happened because the French and British actually launched a successful counterattack-therefore stopped the German advance.

  • German army had advanced too quickly, stretching their supply lines and exhausting their troops.

  • Allies used railways and taxis to quickly bring reinforcements to the battlefield.

  • The Germans were forced to retreat and dig defensive trenches, leading to the start of trench warfare and ending the Schlieffen Plan’s goal of a quick victory.

What was the result of the Schlieffen plan?

German offensive failed and years of trench warfare resulted

Why did the Schlieffen plan fail?

1. Belgian resistance

• Delayed Germany for a month-Germany didn’t anticipate this thought they wouldn't care
  

2. The effectiveness of the British expeditionary force (BEF)-mobilized far quicker than Germany thought

• Mobilized quickly and delayed Germany long enough for French and British reinforcements to arrive-got stuck in France

3. The speed of Russian mobilization-were way quicker than Germany anticipated

4. The French railway system-allowed the French to mobilize much faster-because of German being delayed, France was able to move troops quickly and mobilize at Marne to wait for the Germans to arrive -Germans thought that the French would just let them take over cause it was so surprising ig

The race to the sea

September-October, 1914

As discussed previously, Germany’s Schlieffen Plan was foiled by French and British forces in the Battle of the Marne. 

Both sides raced to the sea in an attempt to outflank (encircle) the each other

The Western Front

This situation created a stalemate (a situation where no one can win)

To survive attacks from machine guns and artillery, both sides literally “dug in” and created trench systems to fight while being protected against enemy fire

Thus, the Western Front was created, which became the main theatre (location) of fighting during the Great War

The Western Front ran through France and Belgium, and did not fluctuate much throughout the entire war

Trenches

Soldiers could avoid machine gun fire and artillery by being positioned underground  

German trenches were better equipped and designed to be more “liveable” - Germans figured that the war would go on longer than expected

Parts of a trench

Parapet: Front of trench
Dugout: Resting spot

Duckboard: Wooden platform

No Man’s Land: Area between trenches, extraordinarily dangerous to cross due to barbed wire,  mud, craters, poison gas (if in use), dead bodies, disease, and ENEMY FIRE 

What does the scene from War Horse demonstrate about how warfare has changed

Well in the scene they used mostly spear thingies and horses as their weapons with some artillery but it was not modern at all and not very common + it was hard to use. Now, however, we use guns with ease and they are very modern and don’t take much (along with bigger artillery like bombs, etc.). Also we don’t ride on horses-helicopters, tanks, etc. or use spear-artillery more common

What was it like travelling thru No Man’s Land?

It was actually horrible u were shot at and there were so many bombs and artillery going off and dead ppl, animals, etc. everywhere and holes in the ground from the artillery, et. Overall, it was very hard to travel thru No Man’s Land and come out alive.

What happened on the 1st Christmas of the Great War (1914) What did this event show about the way Entente and Allied soldiers may have viewed each other? Governments on both sides strictly forbid this sort of thing from happening again. Why?

Well on Christmas there was a temporary truce btween the soldiers of both sides and they sang carols together and played soccer or football (American) and then went back to fighting the day after.

Governments on both sides forbid this sort of thing later on because then the soldiers might refuse to fight one another or it may be harder for them to klll each other-cause the other side feels more human now.

Can the remnants of the trenches still be seen throughout areas in France and Belgium today?-maybe do a effects of the great war or smth question instead

Yes

So many shells were used in the Great War, that munitions experts are still trying to safely remove shells from areas of the French countryside.

It is believed the removal effort will last another 100 years

Can we still see the effects of the Great War today? If so, what are we doing in terms of the cleanup? And how long will it take?

Yes, remnants of the Great War can still be seen today-trenches can still be seen thruout areas of France and Belgium. munitions experts are still trying to safely remove shells from areas of the French countryside since so y shells were sued in the Great War

Side note: shells are explosive projectiles fired from large weapons like artillery, tanks, or warships. They are bigger than bullets and often contain explosives that detonate on impact or after a set time.

• A bullet is fired from a rifle or handgun.

• A shell is fired from a cannon, tank, or battleship and usually explodes.

Anyway It is believed the removal effort will last another 100 years

Machine Gun-include when invented + general facts ig and its effect on the trajectory of the Great War

• One of the most influential and deadly weapons of the war

• Invented in 1884 - still a relatively new technology (at the time) that made many old fighting tactics useless

• Could fire over 300 rounds per minute

• Forced armies to create trenches to avoid constant fire

Artillery-include most commonly used one and the one with the longest range

• The weapon that likely caused the most deaths in the Great War

• Placed behind trenches and were used to batter enemy forces from long-range distances, and provide support for attacking soldiers

• An 18-Pounder was the most commonly used weapon by the Canadian and British batteries

• The German “Paris Gun” had the longest range of any artillery weapon - 130 km!-it was used to shell Paris in 1918 - Parisians had no idea where the shells were coming from

Poison Gas-include when first used + casualities

• Had been declared a banned weapon at the Hague Convention of 1899

• Gas was first used by the Germans on April 22, 1915 in the second battle of Ypres - British troops were unprepared and suffered 7000 casualties and 1000 deaths

• Both sides ended up using deadlier gasses throughout the war - the Great War is often called “The Chemist’s War”

What were ways to counter poison gas attacks?

1. Gas Hood

   • Introduced at the end of 1915, the PH helmet provided moderately effective protection against gas. A chemically-treated hood, it was both stifling and painful to wear since the chemicals used to neutralize the gas burned the forehead and eyes

2. Cloth

   • With no initial protection against lung-searing chlorine, soldiers were instructed to wet or urinate on a cloth and hold it against their mouth. This helped reduce the chlorine’s potency

What types of chemicals were sued in the chemical warfare?

1. Tear gasses

2. Chlorine

3. Phosgene and diphosgene

4. Mustard gas

Tear gas (ethyl bromoacetate, chloroacetone + xylyl bromide)-include smell + appearance, effects, when first used, and the estimated casualties as a result of it being used

Smell + appearance:

• colourless to light yellow (ethyl, bromoacetate + xylyl bromide)

• liquid (ethyl, bromoacetate + xylyl bromide)

• fruity, pungent odor (ethyl + bromoacetate)

• kinda a pleasant aromatic odour (xylyl bromide)

Effects:

• known as lachrymatory agents

• Irritate mucous mems in eyes, mouth, throat and lungs-leads to coughing, crying, breathing difficulties and temporary blindness

When was it first used?

• August 1914-French forces used tear gas grenades against German army

What were the estimated casualties?

• 0 fatal-tear gas was usually used to incapacitate her than kill-symptoms were usually resolved after 30mins of leaving the affected area

Chlorine gas-include smell + appearance, effects, when first used, and the estimated casualties as a result of it being used

Smell and appearance:

• A yellow-green gas

• Strong, bleach like odour

• Soldiers described it as a distinct mix of pepper and pineapple

Effects:

• Reacts with water in the lungs-forms hydrochloric acid-HCl

• Causes coughing, vomiting and irritation to the eyes at lower concentrations

• Can cause rapid death at concentrations of 1000 ppm (parts per milllion)-higher concens ig

First used:

• 1915 by German forces at Ypres un April 1915

• British forces used it for the 1st time at Loos in September

Estimated casualties:

• Higher than 1100

• Devastating cause troops erre initially unequipped to deal with it

• Later, gas masks limited its effectiveness

Phosgene and diphosgene-include smell + appearance, effects, when first used, and the estimated casualties as a result of it being used

Smell and appearance:

• Phosgene-colourless gas with a musty odour-like newly mown hay or grass

• Diphosgene-colourless oily liquid

Effects:

• React with proteins in lung alveoli-causes suffocation

• causes coughing, difficulty breathing an irritation to the throat and eyes

• Can cause delayed effects-not evident for 48h-inlcuding fluid in the lungs and death

First used:

• 1915 december-german forces used phosgene against the British at Ypres-damn ig chemical warfare was pretty popular at Ypres

• They were both used to fill artillery shells-for gas attcks

Estimated casualties:

• 85% of all gas related fatalities in WW1

Mustard gas-include smell + appearance, effects, when first used, and the estimated casualties as a result of it being used

Smell and appearance:

• Used in its impure form-so yellow brown colojr and has an odour resembling garlic or horseradish

Effects:

• Powerful irritant and vesicant (blistering agrnt)

• Can damage eyes, skin and respiratory tract

• Cause chemical burns on cknt a ct with skin

• forms intermediates that react with DNA-leads to cell death

First used:

• july 13 1917

• German forces used mustard gas against British at Ypres-bro how long did ypres last omg it should be called the y chemical warfare by the pres haha.ha.

Estimated casualties:

• 2-3% mortality rate of mustar gas casualiteids

• Mort a little rate ws very low but tjs effects err debilitating and patients required elaborate care

How would a gas attack work?

Gas would be released during a strong wind towards the enemy trench

An unexpected change in wing could has ones own trench-oof

What would sodiiers do when gas asks weren't available?

They would pee on cloths and breathe thru them-ammonus neutralized chlorine gas

Rifles-include the primary one for the Canadian corps

• Used as the primary weapon of infantry

• Bayonets were attached to the end of rifles for close combat figting-like a knife at the end of a gun

• The primary weapon of the Canadian corps was the Ross Rifle but it turned out to be a defective weapon-would jam easily, overheat and was not suitable for muddy or wet conditions I ns-it was kamte replaces either the Lee Enfield in 1917-make this another flahdcard

Grenades-include how many used in he war

The first modern fragmentation grenade was created in 1915 (Mills Bomb)

• 75 million were used during the great war

Submarines-include when first made,

• The 1st primitive submarines wrestling created as early as the late 1700s

• German submarines were called U boats(unterseeboot) were especially dangerous-could torpedo and sink larger British ships undetected

• Britain used its superior navy to blockade Germany and starve Germany out I'd the war-U boats allowed Germany to fight back against the blockage despite having a weaker navy

Zeppelins-include how fast could travel + what used for

• German airships

• Invented and mostly used by Germany

• Used in air raids and could travel over 80 miles per hour

• Since they were such large targets in the sky tho, they needed to be flown in high altitudes to avoid being hit by ground weapons

• They were also used for reconnaissance work (getting a view of the battlefield)

Aeroplanes

• Invented in 1903

• Strictly used for reconnaissance work at first-British and Germany pilots would wave to each other as they flew by

• In 1915. Plan was were outfitted/equipped with machine guns and were used in air battles with other planes (dogfights)

Who were to legendary pilots-from and Germany also include kills

1. Manfred von Richthofen-

   • the Red Baron

   • He was Germany

   • Killed 80 ppl

2. Billy Bishop

   • Canada

   • Killed 72 ppl

Tanks

• The first tanks were used by the British in 1916 AR the Battle of the Somme

• Were capable of crossing certain barriers (barbed wire) but did not play an instrumental role in breaking thru the German lines

Flamethrowers

• First used by German military

• Used pressurized air, CO2 or nitrogen to force oil thru a nozzle-when ignited became a jet of flame

• Were effective when used in enemy trenches and forms (cleared enemies away from corners and hiding spots)

The second battle of Ypres-include when, how impactful for Canada, what happened/events, number of casualties and impact historically for Canada

When in general timeline:

• April and May 1915

How was it impactful for Canadians?

• First major battle by Canadian troops in the Great War

• Canadians distinguished themselves as a determined fighting force-resisted first large satellite poison gas attack in modern history

What happened/what events?

• Canadian troops held a strategically cortical section of the Frontline until reinforcements could be brought in

• French and Canadian troops experience gas warfare for the 1st time, even tho gas had been outlawed for military use in 1899-survived and didn’t run away like the others

Number of casualties

• 6500

Impact on Canadian rep/historical significance

• For holding the line amid the gas attacks of the first critical four days of the battle, the Canadians were praised for their courage and tenacity, a reputation that would grow as the war continued

• Canadian John McCrae wrote his famous poem “In Flanders Fields” during this battle

Battle for the Somme-include when, what happened/events, number of casualties, historical significance for Canada

When?

• July 1st to November 19 1916

What happened/events:

• Largest battle of the war on the Western fort against German lines

• Canada is involved in the final 3 months of fighting

• Was a disaster; German defenses not destroyed in artillery barrage-bad cause German defenses were better than anticipated

• Gen. Haig (British General) didn't understand modern warfare; soldiers ordered to charge German machine guns in broad daylight-insanely bad move most probs died

• 85% of NFLD (Newfoundland) regiment destroyed in first half hour (Newfoundland wasn’t a part of Canada back then btw it was like a British colony-this is also why July 1st isn’t celebrated as Canada day in newfoundland but rather memorial day)

• After 2 months 200 000 casualties for a gain of 200 yards

• 5 months no gains except 8km of mud

Number of casualties:

• Over 5 months 1.2 million casualties

• For Canadians, 24 000 Canadian expeditionary force (CEF), and over one million allied and central powers

Historical significance for Canada:

• Sparked new thinking abt Canadian independence in a battle and exploration of new, innovative tactics that led to those used later in Vimy Ridge

• This was because due to General Haig not knowing modern warfare well, the first battle ended up being a disaster, especially on the first day. British and Canadian troops had suffered terrible losses under Haig’s leadership. Therefore, many ppl felt like Haig’s tactics (like the marching in broad daylight) was a failure, causing Canadians to question whether they should have more say in their own military decisions rather than being commanded by British generals.

• As for new tactics at Vimy, the mistakes in the use of tactics at the Battle of the Somme led to Canadians using new tactics at Vimy Ridge, which ended up playing a huge role in their later victory. Instead of blindly following outdated British tactics, Canadian commanders, like Arthur Currie for example, planned a more strategic attack using new techniques like creeping barrage and leapfrogging rather than following the tactics of British Generals-more independence

Battle for Vimy ridge-include when, what happened/events, number of casualties, historical significance for Canada

When?

• April 9-23 2017

What happened/events:

• Canadians were successful after Britain and France had previously failed to recapture the ridge from the Germans

• Was where all 4 Canadian divisions fought together for the first time in WW1

• The largest territorial advance of any Allied force up to that point in the war

• Canadians used two new military tactics called “leapfrogging” and “creeping barrage” which undoubtedly contributed to the Canadians success-I think they practiced and did the drills before actually going into battle-if they do this we do this yk so it helped a lot

Number of casualties:

• 10, 600 in 4 days of fighting (in total)

Historical significance for Canada

• Brought international recognition to C.E.F and sense of patriotism

• Other successful canadian engagements followed such as at Hill 70 and Canada’s 1918 victories at Amiens and Cambrai

Battle of Passchendaele-include when, what happened/events, number of casualties, historical significance for Canada

When?

• July to November 1917

What happened/events:

• The British began a new offensive attempting to break through German lines by capturing a ridge near the ruined village of Passchendaele

• After 3 months of British, Australian and New Zealand failure, General Haig turned to the C.E.F

• The Canadian Corps joined the battle on October 26 and successfully captured Passchendaele on November 6, despite heavy rain and shelling

Number of casualties:

• 16 000 Canadians

Historical significance for Canada:

• Did nothing to help the Allied effort and became a symbol of the senseless slaughter of the First World War

• C.E.F reaffirms reputation as a superior fighting force

• The bloody sacrifices of 1917 aid the foundation for a new Canadian nationalism and ultimately, greater independence from Britain

Total war

• The Great War was unique in that it had plunged Europe into a state of total war

• Total war is a war which there r no restriction on tactics or weapons used, and all citizens are involved in some capacity

• Basically empires r throwing everything they have toward the war effort

Rationing

• The effort to reduce use of resources for the war effort

• Items rationed were food, fuel and resources-anything that could be used by soldiers on the western front

• Government propaganda (political advertisements) included promoting Meatless and Fuel-less days

Rationing advice from the Caandian government

1. Use but butter or margarine jsntead of butter

2. Remake leftover bread into new bread cake or pudding

3. Instead of one meatless day trip 6 to make up for less patriotic ppl

4. Eat ad little cake or pastry as u can

5. Use oats corn barley and rye instead if wheat

6. Use ham and pork bones in other dishes

7. Chew ur food thoroughly-ull be satisfied with less

8. All kinds of cold cereal can be rolled up into balls and friend

9. Cut each slice of break as required

10. Mix ur own cleansers (baking sofa vinegar soap and chalk

11. 50 million dollars of food is wasted annually

12. Do not display meat onto the table it will make u want tot eat more

13. Do not eat both butter and jam with bread

Victory bonds

A security u could buy to help fund the war (investing into the freaking war omg

• After the war, citizens could sell their bonds and receive money back from the government

• Buying victory bonds became popular in Caanda-1.3 billion. Dollars was collected up until 1919

Victory Gardens

• Gardens planted on private properties or parks that would feed civilians and allow for more food to be sent to soldiers

• They were also meant to boost morale and were visible public reminders to do anything possible to conribute to the war effort

Income tax

• 3 percent yearly tax that was originally introduced to help pay for the war

• Was intended to be temporary

• At the end of the war, Canada was 2 billion dollars in debt

War profiteering (AKA Not EVERYONE is being helpful)-include info abt a certain sm1

• Sam Hughes was the Canadian Minister of the Militia and Defence and ran the Canadian Defence Department in 1915

• Was responsible for overseeing the manufacture and delivery of equipment to allied soldiers

• He was accused of being a war profiteer (intentionally making money off the war with his friends)

• He quote unquote made crap the Ross Rifle (didn’t tolerate dirt well (not suitable for trenches), Jammed frequently + Didn’t work well with British ammunition) and boots (Fitted with cardboard to cut costs + Often dissolved in wet trench conditions)

So what happened to this crap making guy

• Summer of 1915, revealed that the shell committee (Hughes shell making supplier) was paid 170 million in orders but only produced 6.5 million in materials

• British PM David Lloyd George ordered all orders stopped

• Canadian war production was now led by the Imperial Munitions Board

The imperial munitions board

• Established in 1915 to produce war materials that private companies were unable to

• Canada produce 1/3rd of the shells used by the allies

• This created massive growth in production

Women at home

• With so many men travelling overseas to fight, women were needed to take over factory jobs at home

• By 1917 over 35 000 Canadian women were employed in wartime factories

• This was the first time women could prove they were just as capable as men in the workplace

• Despite taking over means jobs, women were paid significantly less and were disenfranchised (could not legally vote)

• Many women were able to organize and fight for women's suffrage

Suffragette

A woman fighting for the right to vote

Women overseas-include their nickname, relate it to women’s right to vote + expectations for women who still weren’t allowed to vote until even later

• Some women served overseas as nurses

• Over 2800 Canadian nurses served in the CMAC-Canadian Medical Army corps

• Served as Nursing Sisters and received similar in rank and pay as men (1st women among the allied forces to receive that distinction)

• Nicknamed bluebirds on account of their white veils and blue uniforms

The vote:

• In 1917 Canadian Federal election between Robert Borden and Wilfred Laurier marked the first time nurses and female relatives of servicemen were allowed to vote

• The vote extended to most Canadian omen by 1918

Exceptions:

• Exceptions were Quebec women in 1914, Chinese Canadians in 1947 and indigenous Canadians 1962

Unrestricted submarine warfare

• Germany couldn't easily get its navy to the Atlantic

• Even If they could get there, German surface shops couldn't overwhelm the Royal British Navy

• By 1917 the war was not going well for Germany on the Western Front

• The Germans wanted to use unrestricted submarine warfare for 2 reasons:

  1. Desperate to keep the US out of the war (scare tactic)

  2. wanted a naval blockade against enemy shipping

     • The U boats used torpedoes to sink enemy ships

How did Britain respond to the German U-boats?

• In order to deal with the German U boats a convoy system was developed

• A collection of ships (destroyer ships travelling with cargo ships) travelling in groups to protect each other from submarine attacks and to detect subs and under water mines

• The danger was that Britain could be starved into submission if the cargo ships couldn't get thru to deliver goods to the troops

Where is the US in the great war?

• Up until this point, the US had stayed out of WW1

• However there were 3 strikes that led the US to become fed up and caused it to enter the war

Ottoman empire joins the central powers

• The ottoman empire enters WW1 in October of 1914

• Launched a surprise attack against Russia

• Ottoman Empire was made in of the territories we know today as Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Jordan, Israel and Arabia

• The Ottoman empire joined German as a result of their close political relationship at the time

• Even though it was a declining power at the tome (called the sick man of Europe) it was still a surprisingly formidable force during the war

US in the war

• Up until 1917, the US was a neutral country but still sold weapons to entente side

• Britain relied heavily on supplies coming from America-By this time in WWI, Britain had been blockaded by the German Navy for years, which made it difficult for them to get necessary supplies like food, ammunition, and other materials.-To keep their war effort going, Britain became increasingly dependent on supplies from the United States, especially after the U.S. entered the war in 1917. The convoy system helped ensure that these supplies could safely reach Britain without being targeted by German U-boats.

• Germany relied on its u boats (unterseebooten) to sink cargo ships (couldn't match Britain’s navy one on one with standard battleships)

• Canada's campaign to continuously send Britain and France War supplies is often called the first battle of the Atlantic (this practice would continue again in WW1)

Unrestricted submarine warfare

• Germany declared this in Feb. of 1917

• Meant Germany would now sink any cargo ships without warning

Why Germany declared USW (Pros) + cons/how it can backfire

• Britain created a blockade around Germany - intended to starve Germany out of the war

• Germany could create their own blockade and starve Britain of food and supplies

• Possibly scare USA from entering the war

Cons/how it can backfire

• Could bring United States into the war

Britain’s Response-kinda talked abt b4 but whatever

In order to deal with U-Boats, a convoy system was developed-Destroyer ships travelled with cargo ships in groups to protect each other from submarine stacks and detect underwater mines

Why The United States Enters The War (4 Reasons)-also kinda talked abt b4

Reason 1: Sinking of the Lusitania

(May 7, 1915)

• A British luxury liner named the Lusitania crossed the Atlantic Ocean with Atlantic Ocean with 2000 passengers

• It was hit by a German submarine and was sunk

• 1198 people died and half were American

Reason 2: Zimmerman Telegram

(January of 1917)

• German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmerman sends a telegram to German Ambassador in Mexico

• Instructs the German Ambassador to approach the Mexican government with a proposal to form a military alliance against the US

• BUT the telegram was intercepted and decoded by the British (best decoders in WW1 and WW2)

• US officially breaks off all diplomatic relations with Germany

Reason 3: Germany sinks even more ships

• German submarines sank three American merchant vessels: the Vigilancia, the City of Memphis, and the Illinois (March 16th-18th), without warning

Reason 4: Repayment of War Debt

• The US had a vested interest in ensuring that France and Britain will be able to pay back their war debt

• By the end of the war, France and Britain would owe the United States $4.2 billion and $4.9 billion respectively (NOT adjusted for inflation today)!

Italy switches sides

• Italy declared itself a neutral country just as the war began (originally a member of the Central Powers)

• Italy joins the Triple Entente in 1915

• Signed a secret treaty (Treaty of London)

• Was promised that it would be given some territory (Dalmatia) from Austria-Hungary after the war

SPOILER ALERT: Italy doesn’t end up getting Dalmatia!

What is Communism/Marxism?-include who kinda made it, when they made it and the main ideas

Marxism or Communism was the social and economic philosophy of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels (German philosophers)

Published the Communist Manifesto in 1848

Main ideas from the manifesto:

1. Eliminating “class” in society (equality instead of rich and poor)

2. Full government or state control of economy, resources, etc.

3. Workers control the means of production (industry)

Why was Communism so Popular to People in the 1900s

• Massive income disparity between rich and poor (really rich ppl and really poor ppl)

• Factory workers worked extremely long hours in very dangerous jobs

• Employers essentially had total control over working conditions, workers’ rights and pay

Why Did Russia Do So Poorly?

Reason 1: Lack of preparation

• Despite an enormous army (1.4 million professional soldiers, 3 million reserves), Russian soldiers were totally unprepared with a lack of extra clothing and equipment, weapons, and more

Reason 2: Lack of training

• Russian weapons and training didn’t match that of the Germans

Reason 3: Supply lines

• Russian supply lines were poor and stretched too far

(Germany had 10x more railway track for food and supplies, compared to Russia)-supply lines weren’t working

Reason 4: Social and political unrest

• Russia was a politically fragile country - there was low morale and anger towards the Russian royal family- Russia was in danger of facing a political revolution-this actually ended up happening

Reason 5: Czar Nicholas ll took command personally

• Despite little military experience, Czar Nicholas took command of the Russian army in September of 1915, leading to even more military defeats

• Being away from home also caused Russia’s social and political problems to worsen

Royal Family Scandal

• The Russian Royal family (Romanov) was also embroiled in what many Russians believed to be a marital scandal (ooo)

• A Russian mystic, Griegori Rasputin, increasingly gained more and more influence over over the Czar Nicholas ll and Empress Alexandra Feodorovna- he had made numerous predictions that had turned out to be true

• Many Russians believed that Rasputin was controlling Nicholas and having an affair with the Empress- delegitimizing the royal family

Germany’s Plan for Russia

• Germany’s plan was to throw Russia into further political chaos

• German leaders assisted Vladimir Lenin, a political exile (outcast), to return to Russia and start a political revolution

• Lenin was the leader of a Marxist revolutionary Bolshevik party (founded in 1903)

Soo…did it work??

• (yes!!) Lenin and the Bolsheviks seized power in Russia in November of 1917, and Russia becomes the world’s first communist state (The United Soviet Socialist Republic - U.S.S.R.)

• The Romanov Royal family is kept under house arrest and eventually killed in July 1918

• Russia officially exits WW1 in 1917 by signing the treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany

When did the Halifax explosion take place?

December 6, 1917

9:04 AM

What was the name of the two ships that collided in Halifax Harbour? Where were they from?

SS Mont Blanc-France

SS Imo-Norway

What was the Mont Blanc carrying?

Explosives for allies

Why did the Mont Blanc and Imo collide?

1. Busy Harbor: The Halifax Harbor was very congested, making navigation tricky for all ships.

2. Steamship ahead of the Imo: A third ship was in front of the Imo, forcing it to change direction and sail directly into the path of the Mont Blanc.

3. Wrong shipping lane for Imo: The Imo ended up in the wrong lane, heading towards the Mont Blanc, which was in its correct lane.-this happened because of 2

4. No warning flag: Nothing on the Mont Blanc to indicate the dangerous explosives it was carrying ig

5. Inability to correct course: The Imo, now in the wrong lane and facing a busy harbor, couldn’t correct its course in time to avoid a collision.

6. Mont Blanc had to steer towards Halifax: The Mont Blanc, realizing a collision was imminent, steered towards Halifax in an attempt to avoid the Imo.

7. Momentum kept ships moving: Both ships, due to their speed and momentum, couldn’t stop or change course quickly enough.

8. Both ships didn't stop their engines: Neither the Imo nor the Mont Blanc stopped their engines in time, making the collision unavoidable.

How many deaths did the explosion create?

1600

How many were wounded in the Halifax explosion and what types of wounds did they suffer?

9000

• Blast Injuries: The shockwave from the explosion caused a variety of injuries, including:

  • Lacerations and contusions (cuts and bruises from flying debris)

  • Fractures (broken bones, often from the force of the blast)

  • Internal injuries (due to the pressure wave)

• Burns: Many people suffered severe burns, especially those near the epicenter of the explosion. The blast's heat caused fires and significant burns, often leading to third-degree burns.

• Eye Injuries: The explosion caused many people to be blinded or suffer serious eye injuries, both from the blast wave and flying debris.

• Hearing Loss: The explosion's shockwave caused permanent hearing loss for many victims, as the sound was deafening and caused damage to the inner ear.

• Head Injuries: Many people were injured by debris, resulting in serious head trauma, including concussions and skull fractures.

• Trauma from Falling Structures: Buildings collapsed, and people were crushed by the falling debris, leading to severe trauma and amputations in some cases.

Explain why so many citizens were injured by flying glass?

Because they all gathered around the harbor because of the fire on the ship and also there were a lot of people near windows-school, city, etc. when the explosion happened-therefore hit by flying glass when explosion happened cause surrounded by a ton of glass

How do we know of the tremendous power of the explosion?

The ship was carrying really powerful explosives-TNT, etc. and the radius is still visible today-therefore must have been a really big explosion