Exam 3: language and high order processing

marc dax (1836)

had 40 pacients with injured left hemispheres, resulting in language imparements. this finding was not accepted

Paul Broca (1861)

studied pacient with damage to posterior portion of 3rd frontal convolution. concluded this area was critical for language function. also distinguished between loss of language and paralysis/motor control

Carl wernike (1874)

restated that left hemisphere was important for language, specifically wernikes area in the supirior temporal gyrus. also discovered a connection between wernekes area and brocas area

brocas aphasia

articulation was extremely difficult, speech is still coherent, just very labored. telegraphic speech pattern also seen

wernekes aphasia

phonetic and gramatical structure is intact, but content and meaning is lost.

wernikes geswind model

1. comprehension: words→ area 4I→ wernikes region→comprehnsion achieved

2. speech: thought→wernikes area→brocas→motor porgram assembles→facial area of motor cortex→cranial nerves→speaking

3. reading: written word→ are 17→ area 18&19→ area 39→ wernikes area →read

laterization

division of labor between hemispheres

anotomical differences between hemispheres

planum temporale larger in left side, usually one hem prefered in humans

left hemisphere

more adept for language and developing speech

right hemisphere

more adept to spacial relationships, and responsive to emotional stim

studies of language in different animals

chimps: voclaize on inbreath so cant make same sounds as humans, but could learn ASL

bonobos: similar social hierarchy to humans, and were able to understand human speech

parrots: were able to imitate meaningful sounds

dogs: respond to meaningful words

evolution of language

language most likelye developed as a result of gesture

williams syndrome

low intelligence recorded, but speech was normal. Shows that there is no real correlation between speech and intelligence

language aquisition device

built in mechanism in brain for developing speech. connected with brains connection to vocal chords and longer period of dependency led to higher language specialization in humans

Dyslexia

impairment of reading. connected to reported abnormalities in the left hemisphere, and most people have auditory issues as well

dualism

mind and body are seperate, overall rejected by scientists

monoism

universe exits of one kind of substance. three divisions within

1. materialism - world is only material and physical

2. mentalism - only the mind exists

3. identity position - mental processes and certain brain processes are the same

conciusness

awarness of stimuli and ability to recognize it verbally

Study: masking

rief stiimuli was surrounded by longer stimuli. The short stimuli could not be identified with interference

unatteneded stimuli

you become concius of meaningful much faster, thus your brain has already determined its important before you notice it

conciuness threshold

conciusness is believed to have a threshold, and that you are either aware of it or not at all

unconciusness

decreased subcortical activity in cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, etc.

attention

related to conciunsess, divided into two sects: top down (intentional) and bottom up (spontaneous)

perceptual decisions

based on evidence: one set of cells gathers imput for one choice and vice versa. one set compares

value based decisions

importance is and reward value determined (ventro medial cortex and orbito frontal cortex)

oxytocin

considered the love hormone. was administered via nasal spray and increased feelings of love , but did not create them

empathy

ability to identify with other people

frontal temporal demintia

people show little interest in how others percivee them eiv