CHINA TEST (all confirmed questions on here)

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Fu Hao and what Dynasty?

Shang queen who was also a general who led troops into battle and one of the consorts of Wu Ding, under whom Shang power reached its zenith. Led numerous military campaigns.

Ying Zheng/Qin Shi Huangdi and what Dynasty?

QIN Dynasty. First emperor of fully unified China and the only emperor of his Dynasty. Introduced Coinage, Writing reformation and Language, began the first great wall, established Legalism, and is known for his tomb/terracotta warriors.

Lui Bang / Han Gaozu and what Dynasty?

Han Dynasty. Founded the Han dynasty.

Empress Lu and what Dynasty?

Han Dynasty. The backbone behind the ruling of the Han Dynasty and the First women to take control of China.

Han Wudi and what Dynasty?

Han Dynasty. Under him, the Han reached the height of their power. Known for Expansion of China, divide their lands upon their death among all of their son’s, Government monopolies, and Sold/Selling government positions.

Wang Mang and what Dynasty?

END OF WESTERN HAN DYNASTY. Usurper who claimed the Han lost the mandate of heaven and gained control. His rule was undone by natural disasters, which people took as signs of losing the mandate of heaven.

Sui Yangdi and what Dynasty?

Sui Dynasty. Considered a tyrant. Important things done of his rule include building the Sui Grand Canal (connecting the Yellow river and the Yangtze river, still the Worlds largest water way today, used for trade, communication, transport). His rule ended by Assassination. Also tried to conquer Korea, which ended in him losing some power and Korea becoming more unified.

Shotoku Taishi and what Dynasty?

Japanese Prince. Japanese prince known for acculturation inspired by China. Made the first constitution with 17 articles following Confucian principles. Credited with building temples like the Hōryūji and Shitennōji.

Tang Taizong and what Dynasty?

Tang Dynasty. Known for Reforms to government and laws and Religious toleration. As a result of these things this led to the government becoming very rich.

Wu Zetian and what Dynasty?

Tang Dynasty. First empress of China, ruled as the first and only empress of China from 683 CE until 705 CE. One of the most effective and controversial monarchs, she favors Buddhism.

Tang Xuanzong and what Dynasty?

Tang Dynasty. Under his reign, the Tang Dynasty began its golden age. Abolished the death penalty, improved the economy through the Silk Road and maritime trading, decreed financial reforms, and built a professional army of veterans. His rule represents the peak of the Tang Dynasty and the beginning of its end.

Lady Wu Hui-fei and what Dynasty?

Tang During Xuanzong. Suggested elevating Li-Linfu to a prominent position.

Li-Linfu and what Dynasty?

Tang During Xuanzong. A corrupt and power-hungry man who was made chancellor after being suggested by Lady Wu Hui-fei.

Wang Anshi and what Dynasty?

Song Dynasty.Reformer who cut government expenditures inhalf, loaned money to peasant farmers, fixed prices of commodities, built schools, and established a village militia system.

STEP 1: The New Dynasty

Restores peace, Redistributes land to the peasants, Appoints loyal officers and officials, Repairs defensive walls, builds roads, canals, and irrigation projects. Often referred to as a “honeymoon period”.

STEP 2: The Aging Dynasty

Characterized by corrupt officials, Loses control of the provinces, Imposes a heavy tax burden on the peasants, Allows defensive walls to decay, and eventually loses the Mandate of Heaven.

STEP 3: Problems Symbolic of the Lost Mandate of Heaven

Include peasant rebellions, floods, famine, earthquakes, Armed bandits, and foreign invasions. A New Dynasty then claims the Mandate of Heaven.

The Mandate of Heaven

The Chinese belief that the heavens “bless” the rule of the emperor. If the emperor is corrupt, brutal, cruel to the people, or generally a bad person, he risks losing the Mandate of Heaven. Signs of loss are natural disasters (e.g., floods, fires, famines, earthquakes), peasant rebellions, and outside invasions. It implies the right to revolt and rebel against a bad emperor, unlike the European Divine Right.

DAOISM:

An ancient Chinese philosophy and religion that emphasizes living in harmony with the Dao ("the Way"), the natural, fundamental principle of the universe. Appealed to lower classes as it rejected kings, lords, taxes, etc.

CONFUCIANISM:

A Chinese philosophy and ethical system focused on social harmony through moral conduct, education, and respect for hierarchy, particularly within the family. Human society is a reflection of the intended order of heaven itself.

MENCIUS

Living a generation after Confucius, Mencius follows Confucianism but adds other elements. Best known for expanding upon Confucianism and arguing that human nature is fundamentally good. Rulers behave in positive ways for his subjects, or else the leader will be removed by the heavens.

LEGALISM:

Legalism is the strict and excessive adherence to rules, with little or no consideration for individual needs or circumstances. It is a philosophy that believes order is best maintained through a rigid system of rewards and harsh punishments, often prioritizing the authority of the government or a religious code over personal freedom or nuance. Li Si was the founder.

Who was Cai Lun?

He invented paper during the Han Dynasty

What was loess?

Sediment that washes down the side of the mountains into the yellow river to give it that yellow color

What is Zhong guo?

China believed that they were the center of the universe and everything surrounded them.

What five things did the Dynasty Song do?

Ruled by confucianism, movable printing press, new strain of rice from Vietnam allowing double cropping, gunpowder, foot binding.

What do we know about the Xia Dynasty?

The Xia dynasty happened, but we don’t know anything else about them.

What was filial piety?

The Confucianism belief that If a father asks something of a son or daughter, the person would agree no matter what.

What was Confusis’s book?

The Anelx

What was the Shang Dynasty known for (8)?

The government was a form of theocracy in which the king’s chief role was religious.

The Shang king was, first and foremost, a mediator between the physical world and the divine.

Ancestor worship was important to the Shang Dynasty

Writing beings in the Shang Dynasty

The religion practiced by the Shang ruling class is distinctly monotheistic in character, of which the Shang-Di (lit. “lord above”) is recognized as the one and only divine Lord (Di).

 Oracle bones were that the king or the priest would write questions on the bones of the animal then put it in a hot fire. Then after that they would take it out of the fire, let cool and interpret the cracks. The cracks would help the king or priest predict the future

yin yang

Fu Hao and their social structure

What was the ZHOU known for (5)?

It is the longest ruling Chinese dynasty.

Introduced coinage

Falls due to the fact that resources get out of their control as they split their land into provinces that are controlled by other people. The people then believed that they didn’t need the king, which led to the fall of the Zhou dynasty.

The Zhou claimed the Mandate of Heaven (dividend Right) to justify their rule.

extensive use of feudalism

What is Daodejing?

The most important Daoist philosopher is Lao Zi, who wrote this influential text.

What was the Shang dynasty social class like?

Shang Dynasty were classified into four social classes:

1. The king and aristocracy: Members of the aristocracy were the most respected social class, and were responsible for governing smaller areas of the dynasty.

2. The military: Both the infantry and the chariot warriors.

3. Artisans and craftsmen: Who mainly worked with bronze.

4. Peasants: Who were mostly farmers. Some scholars believe they functioned as slaves; others believe they were more like serfs.

What was the period of warning states?

Describes the three centuries when various rival Chinese states battled viciously for territorial advantage and dominance. Ultimately the Qin state was victorious and established the first unified Chinese state.

What four things did the Han leave as their legacy?

Their legacies that were left were the silk road, invention of paper by Cai lun, civil service exams where if you do good you get an important government position, and a lasting legacy where Chinese people today call themself Han.

What were the dynasties in order?

Xia, Shang, Zhuo, Qin, Han, Sui, Tang, Song.

Who was the emperor Lingdi?

During the yellow turban revolution, Liu yan convinced him to relinquish control of military governors and their provinces and allow each to act according to their own set of circumstances.