Ap World Semester 1 Test 1

The Enlightenment

A movement promoting rational thought and scientific analysis over Aristotelian philosophy and church doctrine.

Voltaire

François-Marie Arouet; a philosopher known for his criticism of the French monarchy and the Roman Catholic Church.

Popular Sovereignty

The principle that government derives its authority from the consent of the governed.

Declaration of Independence

The document adopted on July 4, 1776, declaring the colonies' freedom from British rule.

Maximilien Robespierre

Leader of the Jacobin party during the French Revolution, influential in the Reign of Terror.

Bastille

A fortress in Paris; its storming on July 14, 1789, marked the beginning of the French Revolution.

Toussaint Louverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution who helped secure independence from French colonial rule.

Gran Colombia

A state that included Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador, aimed at unifying several South American countries.

Zionism

A nationalist movement aimed at re-establishing a Jewish state in Palestine.

The Congress of Vienna

A meeting held after Napoleon's defeat to establish a balance of power in Europe and suppress nationalism.

Realpolitik

A political philosophy based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations, associated with Otto von Bismarck.

Nationalism

A political ideology based on the premise that a nation should govern itself, free from outside interference.

Emperor Pedro I

The ruler who declared the independence of Brazil in 1822 and became its first emperor.

Olympe de Gouges

A playwright and political activist known for her role in advocating for women's rights during the French Revolution.

Rousseau's Social Contract

His work arguing that government is based on a contract between the rulers and the ruled.

Civil Code of 1804

Also known as the Napoleonic Code, it reformed legal systems and established civil liberties in France.

The Haitian Revolution

The only successful slave revolt that led to the establishment of Haiti as an independent nation in 1804.

Edmund Burke

A political thinker associated with conservatism who criticized the French Revolution's radicalism.

William Wilberforce

An English philanthropist who played a key role in the abolition of the slave trade.

Creoles

People of Spanish or Portuguese descent born in Latin America, who led independence movements.

Guillotine

A device used during the French Revolution for carrying out executions by beheading.

Laissez-Faire Economics

An economic philosophy advocating minimal government intervention in the economy.

Philosophes

Intellectuals of the Enlightenment who promoted reason, science, and individual rights.

Napoleon Bonaparte

French military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and became emperor.

Simon Bolívar

A military and political leader who played a key role in Latin America's successful struggle for independence from Spanish rule.

Suffrage

The right to vote in political elections, often associated with movements for women's rights.

The Reign of Terror

A period during the French Revolution characterized by political purges and mass executions.

Socialism

A political and economic theory advocating for social ownership and democratic control of the means of production.

Feminism

A movement for advocating women's rights and equality between the sexes.

The Monroe Doctrine

A U.S. policy opposing European colonialism in the Americas, asserting that any intervention would be seen as a threat.

The Treaty of Versailles

The peace treaty that ended World War I and imposed heavy reparations on Germany.

The French Revolution

A period of social and political upheaval in France from 1789 to 1799, leading to the end of monarchy and establishment of a republic.

Louis XVI

The last king of France before the French Revolution, executed in 1793.

Napoleonic Wars

A series of conflicts involving Napoleon's French Empire and opposing coalitions, leading to French dominance in Europe.

Haitian Declaration of Independence

Proclaimed on January 1, 1804, it made Haiti the first independent black-led nation in the world.

Women's March on Versailles

A event during the French Revolution where women marched to demand bread and the return of the king to Paris.

The Industrial Revolution

A period between the late 18th and early 19th centuries marked by the transition to new manufacturing processes.

Social Darwinism

A theory that applies the idea of 'survival of the fittest' to social, political, and economic issues.

Sepoy Mutiny

A rebellion in 1857 by Indian soldiers against British rule due to cultural insensitivity and oppressive practices.

Berlin Conference

A meeting in 1884-1885 where European nations divided Africa among themselves without regard to indigenous cultures.

Scramble for Africa

The rapid invasion, occupation, and colonization of African territory by European powers in the late 19th century.

The Emancipation Proclamation

A presidential decree by Abraham Lincoln in 1863 that declared all slaves in Confederate states to be free.

The Suffragette Movement

A movement advocating for women's right to vote, primarily in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

The Russian Revolution of 1917

A pair of revolutions that dismantled the Tsarist autocracy and led to the establishment of the Soviet Union.

Marxism

A political and economic theory by Karl Marx advocating for a classless society through the means of production being owned communally.