Histopathology Flashcards

Flashcards based on Histopathology lecture notes covering pathology, cellular changes, cell injury, and inflammation.

Study of the structural, biochemical, and functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs that underlie disease.

Pathology

Examination of surgical specimens (biopsy) or dead bodies (autopsy) to diagnose disease and determine cause of death.

Anatomical Pathology

Examination of surgical (biopsy) specimens.

Surgical Pathology

Examination of cells and abnormal tissues under a microscope after staining.

Histopathology

Examination of cells shed into body fluids or obtained by scraping or aspiration.

Cytopathology

Laboratory analysis of body fluids and tissues for disease diagnosis.

Clinical Pathology

Study of disease at the sub-microscopic, molecular level using molecular techniques.

Molecular Pathology

Cells that continue to proliferate throughout life and frequently undergo cell division.

Labile Cells

Cells that undergo cell division only when needed, typically to replace injured cells.

Stable Cells

Non-replicating cells that are not capable of cell division after maturation (e.g., neurons).

Permanent Cells

The cause of a disease.

Etiology

Disease of unknown cause.

Idiopathic

The manner in which a disease develops.

Pathogenesis

Objective alterations reported and observed by another person, measurable (e.g., body temperature).

Signs

Subjective experiences reported by the patient, immeasurable (e.g., nausea).

Symptoms

Acquired decrease in tissue or organ size due to a decrease in the size of individual cells.

Atrophy

Incomplete or defective development of tissue or organ.

Aplasia

Complete non-appearance of tissue or organ.

Agenesis

Failure of a tissue or organ to reach normal mature adult size.

Hypoplasia

Failure of an organ to form an opening.

Atresia

decrease in size is due to lack or diminished blood supply

Vascular Atrophy

Decrease in size is due to persistent or continuous pressure applied to an organ (nadaganan)

Pressure atrophy

Decrease in size is due to lack of nutritional supply to supply normal growth

Starvation or Hunger atrophy

Decrease in size is due to lack of hormones needed to maintain normal size and structure

Endocrine atrophy

Decrease in organ size is due to inactivity or diminished activity

Atrophy of disuse

Decrease in organ size is due to increased workload

Exhaustion atrophy

Increase in tissue or organ size due to an increase in the size of individual cells.

Hypertrophy

Increase in tissue or organ size due to an increase in the number of cells.

Hyperplasia

Transformation of one ADULT cell type into another ADULT cell type (reversible).

Metaplasia

Abnormal growth and differentiation, characterized by changes in cell size, shape, and orientation (reversible).

Dysplasia

Transformation of an ADULT cell into a YOUNG or EMBRYONIC cell type, often a criterion for malignancy (irreversible).

Anaplasia

Occurs when adaptive response limits are exceeded, or cells are exposed to injurious agents.

Cell Injury

Oxygen deprivation or loss of oxygen.

Anoxia

Decrease in oxygen supply.

Hypoxia

Process of tumor formation or abnormal proliferation of cells.

Neoplasia

Programmed cell death, a normal physiological process.

Apoptosis

Pathologic cell death resulting from irreversible injury.

Necrosis

Action of hydrolytic enzymes is blocked cell death is due to ischemia

Coagulative Necrosis

Softening of organ due to the release of hydrolytic enzymes characterized by complete digestion of cells

Liquefactive Necrosis

Combination of coagulative and liquefactive tissue appears greasy resembling cheese

Caseous Necrosis

Seen in immune reactions involving blood vessels Deposition of fibrin in the vessel wall

Fibrinoid Necrosis

Death of adipose cells, fatty tissue Fat destruction due to release of pancreatic lipases, death of fat tissue due to loss of blood supply

Fat Necrosis

Not a specific pattern Necrosis secondary to ischemia

Gangrenous Necrosis

Tissue reaction to injury involving vascular responses and activation of leukocytes.

Inflammation

Death of the entire body.

Somatic Death

Cooling of the body after death.

Algor Mortis

Stiffening of the body after death.

Rigor Mortis

Purplish discoloration of skin due to settling of blood after death.

Livor Mortis

Self-digestion of tissues by hydrolytic enzymes after death.

Autolysis

Decomposition of the body by bacterial action after death.

Putrefaction

Drying and wrinkling of cornea and anterior chamber

Dessication

Examination of a dead body to determine cause of death.

Autopsy