Biology genetics and DNA test review

What are the possible blood types?

Blood type A, B, AB and blood type O

How can you predict an offspring’s genetic outcome using the blood chart?

by the punnet square and formation of gametes

Difference between Mendelian and non Mendelian genetics?

Mendelian traits follow patterns of inheritance and non Mendelian is when they don’t follow the patterns of inheritance

What are homozygous and heterozygous genotypes?

Homozygous→ 2 identical alleles for 1 gene (GG)

Heterozygous→ 2 different alleles for 1 same gene (Gg)

What is homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive?

Homo- domin- 2 copies of the same dominant allele

Homo- recess- 2 copies of the same recessive allele

What does the law of segregation state?

That during form formation of reproductive cells, pairs of gene variants or alleles separate from each other

What does the law of independent assortment state?

That alleles of different genes are sorted into gametes independently

How do you solve a monohybrid, genetic cross?

You use a punnet square to determine the probability of offspring, Geno and phenotypes

how do you solve a dihybrid cross?

Identify parental genotypes, determine the possible gametes make up punnet square and write the genotype of parents on top of the square, inside then offspring inside, find amount of phenotype and calculate ratios of phenotype and genotype in the offspring

Define karyotypes and identify gender and abnormalities

Karyotypes shows the complete diploid set of chromosomes group together in pairs arranged in order of decreasing size

Explain the limitations of karyotyping genetic disorders

Low resolution, cell culture dependent and ability to detect balance, translocation, and limited detection of mosaicism, as well as time-consuming processes and potential misinterpretation

Describe the difference between plant and animal cells during cytokinesis

In a plant cell, a cell wall forms, but in a animal cell a cleavage furrow forms

How are the daughter cells in comparison to the parent cell in meiosis?

Less genetic material daughter cells, half of the chromosomes as parents, they are haploids and the parents are diploids

What is the purpose of replicating cells?

Purpose of replicating cells is duplicating its DNA into a copying process

What is crossing over and when does it occur in cell division?

Crossing over is when a chromosome pair, crossover and undergo crossing over where bits and pieces of homologous chromosomes are exchanged this occurs during prophase one

What are genotypes?

The genetic make up (GG) or (Gg)

What are phenotypes?

Physical traits

What is incomplete dominance?

One Allele is not completely dominant over another

What is codominance?

The phenotypes produced by both alleles are clearly expressed

How do you calculate the phenotype and genotype ratio?

Calculate the numbers of the punnet square with each allele combinations

What are haploids?

Cells that have a single set of chromosomes and a single set of genes

What are diploids?

A cell with two sets of homologous chromosome is said to be double

Define gamete and explain their purpose

Gametes are sperm and egg cells, and they carry genetic info from the parent to allow fertilization to occur

How do you predict probability of gender in the offspring?

Based on father’s sperm determines the gender carrying, an X (female) chromosome or y (male)

What happens in each stage of the cell cycle?

G1 is a cell growth and prep for division S phase is DNA copy G2 is more prep for the division and check the copy DNA and M phase is where the cell actually divides through mitosis and cytokinesis to two daughter cells

Describe the length time of each stage of cell cycle

G1 is around 11 hours S phase is eight hours G2 roughly 4 hours and M phase is one hour

What are the same chromosomes in a cell called that have the same banding?

Homologous chromosomes and they are the same size shape jeans and are located at the same position which makes classifying them easier