CD 622 - Speech Norms & Articulation Foundations

What does PCC stand for?

Percent correct consonants

How do you find PCC?

PCC = # of correct/# of total consonants x100

PCC does not ________ __________

equal intelligibility

PCC typically equals 93.8% of consonants are correct by the age ____

5

What sounds are referred to as the "Early 13" in Mcloed & Crowe's (2020) updated norms?

/p, b, t, d, k, g, f, h, m, n, ŋ, w, j/

What age should the early 13 be developed by?

Ages 2;0-3;11

What sounds are referred to as the "Middle 7" in Mcloed & Crowe's (2020) updated norms?

/v, s, z, ʃ, ʧ, ʤ, l/

What age should the middle 7 be developed by?

Ages 4;0-4;11

What sounds are referred to as the "Late 4" in Mcloed & Crowe's (2020) updated norms?

/θ, ð, ʒ, ɹ/

What does SODA stand for?

Substitutions, Omissions, Distortions, Additions

Why is it important to remember the year when the updated norms were published (2020)?

COVID babies had reduced peer interaction for the early years of their life; kids had an interruption to school services, had masked models, and reduced in-person schooling

What is Acquisition influenced by?

access, exposure, and opportunity

Ultimately, what did COVID children have a limit to in terms of acquisition?

COVID children had limited exposure and opportunity

When did ASHA accept Mcleod & Crowe's (2020) study on new speech norms?

established 4 years after publication

Which practice setting usually accepts norms/research faster?

Medical

Schools policies are typically more _________ when new research comes out

rigid

Norms ____________ and do ________ _______________ your decisions

guide; not dictate

We should use norms _____________ not ____________ and interpret thoughtfully

responsibly, rigidly

Speech is both _____________ and _________________

production and perception

The Speech Chain demonstrates how...

the mouth, ear, and brain work together to produce speech

Speech is not just a ________ ______

motor act

As the SENDER the brain:

plans, programs, and executes speech

As the RECEIVER the brain:

interprets what it hears

____________ to sound is KEY

Access

Why is access key to speech sound development?

because you can't learn what you can't hear clearly

What are the acoustical characteristics that speech sounds use?

intensity levels (loudness), frequency levels (pitch/formants), duration (time)

What is intensity/loudness measured in?

Decibels (dB)

What is frequency/pitch measured in?

Hertz (Hz)

What is duration/time measured in?

seconds/milliseconds (s/ms).

What are "formants"?

bands of frequencies

How are audiograms clinically useful when working with clients with hearing loss?

they can be used to predict which speech sounds are accessible to the client and which ones may be harder to detect.

What sounds are considered "low frequency sounds"?

vowels, nasals, and voiced sounds

Low frequency sounds are ________ (louder/softer) and _________ (harder/easier) to hear with ________ (less/more) accessible

louder, easier, more

What sounds are considered "high frequency sounds"?

fricatives, voiceless sounds

High frequency sounds are ________ (louder/softer) and ________ (harder/easier) to hear ________ (less/more) accessible

softer, harder, less

Why is knowing which sounds a child can hear consistently important?

If a child cannot hear high frequency sounds like /s/, they miss the suprasegmentals and grammatical markers on words; therefore impacting speech clarity and language development

It is important to identify children with hearing loss ______________

early

When considering clients with hearing loss, we are considering their __________ to sounds

access

T/F speech breathing is different than normal respiration

True

Speech Respiration is the _____________ ____________ or speech production

power source

Why is respiration important to consider with speech?

we need steady airflow to have steady speech; it impacts voice quality, fluency, and MSD.

What is phonation?

the vibration of the vocal folds

What does phonation impact in speech?

voiced/voiceless sounds

When preforming an oral mech exam, what are we assessing?

structure, function, strength, and diadochokinetic tasks

What structures are we assessing in an oral mech exam?

lips, teeth, tongue, alveolar ridge, hard palate, soft palate, uvula, mandible, and maxilla

Why do we do an oral mech exam?

we are ruling out contributing factors to speech sound production errors

Speech resonance involves the ____, ____, and ______ cavities

oral, nasal, pharyngeal

Articulation occurs within the entire _________ ________

vocal tract

Speech production is ___________ + ____________ + ________________ systems working together

respiratory, phonatory, articulatory

What do theories allow clinicians to do?

approach clinical problems

Behaviorism

learn through experience; motivators are key

Who is associated with behaviorism?

Watson & Skinner

Generative Phonology

children have underlying mental representations

What are underlying representations according to generative phonology?

phonemes stored mentally

What are surface representations according to generative phonology?

phonetic realization (allophones in speech)

Natural Phonology

children simplify speech with innate phonological patterns that fade over time

Categorical Perception involves...

making sense of what we hear by sorting the acoustical information into abstract categories ("meaningful units heard")

Statistical Learning

the premise that infants have pattern detectors that allow them to figure out what matters in the signal

Phoneme restoration effect

an advanced perception skill in which listeners "fill in the gap" if an auditory signal is interrupted

Speaker normalization

using a stored inventory of various speakers to understand speech

When does auditory perception begin?

in utero

What are the three stages that occur while a child develops production and perceptual capabilities

1) unaware of phonological contrasts (immersed), 2) aware of phonological contrasts (learning), 3) aware of phonological contrasts (production)

When is the "optimal access" point for children with hearing loss?

to be using hearing technology by 6 months

Why is the optimal access point key for children with hearing loss?

it allows them to develop listening and spoken language skills following a normal development model (with appropriate intervention and use of hearing technology ALL waking hours)