AQA GCSE Biology B5-7 Test

Communicable disease

Infectious disease caused by pathogens that can be passed from one organism to another.

Non-communicable diseases

Are not infectious and cannot be passed from one organism to another.

Microorganisms

Organisms that are usually single-celled and can only be seen using a microscope. They include bacteria, fungi, viruses and protists.

Pathogens

Microorganisms that cause disease.

Virus

Pathogens that are much smaller than bacteria and can only reproduce inside living cells of other organisms.

Binary fission

Reproduction by simple cell division, for example in bacteria.

Agar gel

Widely used solid (gel) culture medium used for growing microorganisms.

Culture medium

A liquid or gel used to support the growth of microorganisms or other cultures, often containing specific nutrients.

Inoculate

Introducing microorganisms to a culture medium, or introducing modified microorganisms into an individual to protect them against disease.

Mutation

A change in the genetic material of an organism.

Sexually transmitted disease

Transmitted from an infected person to an uninfected person by unprotected sexual contact.

Vaccine

Dead or inactive pathogenic material used in vaccination to develop immunity to a disease in a healthy person.

Aphids

Insects that penetrate the plant phloem and feed on the dissolved food. They act as pests and are also vectors that carry pathogenic viruses, bacteria, and fungi into healthy plant tissue.

Chlorosis

The yellowing seen on the leaves of plants when they cannot make chlorophyll due to a lack of magnesium ions.

non communicable diseaes

a disease which cannot be passed on

risk factors of non communicable disease include

lifestyle

substances present in the body or environment

Cancer

Malignant tumours that invade neighbouring tissues and other parts of body in blood where they form secondary tumours

risk factors of cancer

smoking

obesity

common viruses

Uv exposure

genetics

Benign tumours

form in one place and don't spread

tumour

abnormal, uncontrolled cell division

diet and cardiovascular disease

effects risk of cardiovascular disease through cholesterol and obesity

smoking

cause cardiovascular disease

a feotus exposed to smoke has restricted oxygen becaise crbon monoxide being carried by blood leading to premature birth, low birth weight and still birth

exercise

bigger lungs, more muscles, lower cholesterol and a beatter heart rate means reduced risk of cardiovascular disease

alcohol

can damage the liver and cause cirrhosis and liver cancer or brain damage and death. In pregnant women can affect development of the baby

ionising radiation

can cause mutations in cells from uv rays radioactive materials, medical xrays, nuclear accidents

Vaccine

a small dosage of dead or inactive pathogens injected into the body

the job of vaccinations

to produce the correct antibodies for a specific disease so that next time the specific pathogen enters the body your whole blood cells already know how to defeat them

white blood cells

create specific antibodies to fight disease

memory T cells

remember the shape and type of an antigen and can quickly produce more antibodies to defeat the antigens

MMR

measles mumps and rubella

Herd immunity

If a large portion of a population is vaccinated the diseases decreases and can even be wiped out completely.

aspirin

painkiller, relives headache and sore throats

paracetamol

painkiller, relives headache and sore throats

treating symptoms

many medicines relieve symptoms but do not cure you and therefor you need drugs

Antibiotics

drugs that fight diseases

communicable disease

diseases that can be passed by person to person by touch, bodily fluids etc

1940

antibiotics first became widely available

penicillin

work by killing the bacteria that causes disease

how are antibiotics usually taken?

through a pill or syrup, sometimes through blood if it's urgent and serious.

can some antibiotics kill a wider ranger of bacteria?

Yes, some can.

Can antibiotics kill viral pathogens?

No.

Where do viruses reproduce?

Inside your own cells.

Why can't viral infections be treated?

It is very difficult to produce medicine that kills viruses without damaging your own cells

resistance of bacteria

strains of bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics are evolving which means that antibiotics no longer affect them

what drug can be extracted from foxgloves?

digitalis

What is digitalis used for?

It helps older patients with heart problems.

Where does the painkiller, aspirin, come from?

The bark of willow trees.

1928

Alexander Flemming was growing bacteria and discovered penicillin but wasn't able to extracted it

1938/1940

Ernst Chain and Howard Florey extract the penicillin

A good medicine is

effective, safe, stable, successfully taken and removed from your body

stage 1 B, of drug testing

Scientists tests the toxicity and efficiency on cells and tissues

stage 1 A, of drug testing

Make digital versions of what could happen when the antibiotic interacts with human tissue and cells

stage 1 C, of drug testing

This takes up to 4.5 years, very few drugs make it through stage 1

stage 2, of drug testing

The few drug compounds that passed and tested on organisms such as mice or rats

stage 3 A, of drug testing

clinical trials starts, heathy volunteers and given small doses of it and slowly start taking more and more, half are given a placebo and half the real thing

placebo

a drug that has 100% no affect on your body and only makes you think its making you better

stage 3 B, of drug testing

if the drug is safe a bigger group are taken in to see affects

stage 3 C, of drug testing

People with the illness are taken in to get the drug tested, long term and short term affects are measured.

stage 4, of drug testing

if its safe, effective, stable and successfully taken in and out the people making it will be given license to sell the drug.

Double blind trials

the doctors and volunteers both don't know who has the placebo and who has the drug

why do you combine tumor cells with the B lymphocytes?

So that they divide quicker to get more

what is a hybridoma cell?

the result in joining a tumor with a B lymphocyte

what are monoclonal antibodies

an antibody made by a single clone of cells that are identical

uses of monoclonal antibodies

pregnancy tests, diagnosis of disease,reasearch, measuring and monitoring, treating disease

Pregnancy tests

monoclonal antibodies bind the the hormone HCG and has a color change if the hormone is present

diagnosis of disease

monoclonal antibodies will bind to a specific disease and will show if its present or not

measuring and monitoring

monoclonal antibodies are used to measure blood levels, hormone levels and can detect if something is of unusual quantities

research

monoclonal antibodies are used to locate and identify specific molecules in tissues and bind them to a fluorescent dye and when the molecule is present the color shows

1975

monoclonal antibodies were first developed

how many different ways are there for treating cancer with monoclonal antibodies

3

direct use of monoclonal antibodies triggers the immune system to...

recognize, attack, destroy cancer cell

using monoclonals to block receptors on the surface of the cancer cells to...

stop the cells from growing and dividing

what can monoclonal antibodies carry to fight cancer

toxic drugs or radioactive substances for radiation therapy, stops cells growing and dividing and so they can attack without harming you own cells

Advantages of monoclonal antibodies

1)bind to only what needs treatment

2)Healthy cells are not affected

3)Can treat a wide range of conditions

Disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies

1) created more side affects than expected

2) difficult

3) not as effective and successful as they once were