WCUI echo exit interview questions

MVA P 1/2 T severe

>220 ms

Mitral stenosis:

Mean PG Mild

< 5 mmHg

Mitral stenosis:

Mean PG Moderate

5-10 mmHg

Mitral stenosis:

Mean PG Severe

> 10 mmHg

Mitral stenosis:

Max PG Normal

<20 mmHg

Mitral stenosis:

Max PG Moderate

20-40 mmHg

Mitral stenosis:

Max PG Severe

>40mmHg

Mitral Valve area ( MVA )

Normal

4.0–6.0 cm²

Mitral Valve area ( MVA )

<1.0 cm²

Aortic Stenosis AVA:

normal valve

3-5 cm²

Aortic Stenosis AVA:

Severe valve

<1.0 cm²

Continuity Equation for AVA

= 0.785 x LVOTᵈ² x LVOT VTI / AOV VTI

Aortic Regurgitation P 1/2 T:

Mild

>500 ms

Aortic Regurgitation P 1/2 T:

Severe

<200 ms

PASP/RVSP equation

4×(TR Vmax​ sq)+RAP

Normal PASP/RVSP

≤ 35 mmHg

Severe PASP/RVSP

> 70 mmHg

IVC ≤ 2.1 cm AND collapses >50% with sniff

RAP = 3 mmHg

IVC ≤ 2.1 cm AND collapses <50% with sniff

RAP = 8 mmHg

IVC > 2.1 cm AND collapses <50% with sniff

RAP = 15 mmHg

Simplified Bernoulli Equation

ΔP=4×(V)sq

ΔP = pressure gradient (mmHg)

V = peak velocity (m/s)

4 parameters for Diastolic Function

1) Avg E/e = >14

2) Septal e' velocity = <7

3)TR velocity = 2.8

4) LA volume index = >34

Aortic Stenosis:

Mean PG Mild

<20 mmHg

Aortic Stenosis:

Mean PG Severe

>40 mmHg

LVOTO PW

walk down PW Mid LV to AOV

significant LVOTO

> 30 mmHg

HOCM

Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy

LVOTO

Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction

dynamic LVOT obstruction due to

Septal bulging into LVOT

SAM (systolic anterior motion) of the mitral valve.

is the dynamic obstruction it creates.

LVOTO

is the disease

HOCM

4 characteristics of LVOTO/ HOCM

1) IVS thickness

2)SAM- systolic anterior motion of MV

3) Mid-systolic notching of the AOV

4) Dagger-shaped waveform through LVOT

E/e' ( TDI ) normal

<10

E:A normal

>0.8

LA volume index normal

16-34 mL/m sq

Deceleration Time ( DT )

140-240 ms

3 stages of Coronary Arteries & Myocardial Damage

1) Ischemia

2)Injury

3) Infraction

myocardial infarction

1) LV/RV failure

2)Heart wall rupture

3) Papillary Dysfunction

4) Mitral Regurgitation

STEMI

ST elevation MI, real-time ongoing death of heart tissue due to ischemia

ST segment elevation

NON STEMI

ST segment depression or inverted

S-A-L-I

1) septal

2) Anterior

3) Lateral

4) Inferior

LAD coronary artery

Anterior wall

LCX coronary artery

Lateral

RCA coronary artery

Interior wall

Cardiac tamponade Symptoms

1) CP

2)Cough

3) Fatigue

4)Cold extremities

Beck's Triad

1) Hypotension

2) Distant/muffled heart sound

3) Elevated venous pressure

Hypokinetic

Reduced contraction

Wall thickens/moves inward, but less than normal.

Example: ischemia, stunned myocardium.

Akinetic

No contraction

Wall does not thicken or move inward during systole.

Example: infarcted/scarred myocardium.

Dyskinetic

Dyskinetic

Paradoxical/outward motion during systole.

Instead of contracting in, the wall bulges out.

Example: ventricular aneurysm after MI.

GLS Hypokinetic

less negative

GLS Akinetic

close to zero

GLS Dyskinetic

positive

GLS normal

> -18%

Shunt flows

Left to Right

Causing Right ventricular overload ( RVVO )

ASD Echo findings secondary findings

1) IVC Dilation

2) Right Atrial Enlargement

3) Tricuspid Hypertension

ASD (Atrial Septal Defect)

a hole in the interatrial septum that allows blood to flow between the left atrium (LA) and right atrium (RA).

PFO (Patent Foramen Ovale)

A PFO is a small, flap-like opening in the atrial septum that fails to close after birth.

PFO Right to Left Shunt

expect embolism.

Bubble study

Valsalva

VSD (Ventricular Septal Defect)

A VSD is a hole in the interventricular septum that allows blood to flow between the left and right ventricles.

VSD secondary findings

1) Left Atrial Enlargement

2) IVC Dilatation

3) Pulmonary Artery Dilation

IAS

6

Superior Vena Cava

What is #1

RT Pulmonary Artery

What is #2

Pulmonary Trunk

What is #3

RT Atrium

What is #4

RT Pulmonary Veins

What is #5

Fossa Ovalis

What is #6

Pectinate muscles

What is #7

Tricuspid Valve

What is #8

RT Ventricle

What is #9

Chordae Tendinae

What is #10

trabecluae carneae

What is #11

Inferior Vena Cava

What is #12

Aorta

What is #13

LT Pulmonary Artery

What is #14

LT Atrium

What is #15

LT Pulmonary Veins

What is #16

Mitral Valve

What is #17

Aortic Valve

What is #18

Pulmonary Valve

What is #19

LT Ventricle

What is #2

Papillary Muscle

What is #21

Interventricular Septum

What is #22

Epicardium

What is #23

Myocardium

What is #24

Endocardium

What is #25

Right Coronary Cusp

What is #1

non coronary cusp

What is #2

RT Pulmonary Artery

What is #15

RT Coronary Artery Sulcus

What is #19

RT Ventricular Anterior Free Wall

What is #21

Coronary Sinus

What is #22.

Left Ventricle

What is A

RV

A?

LV

B?

RVOT/RV

A?

PV

B?

MV

2?

Anterior MV leaflet

1?

base wall

D?