ZOOL-1073: Module 1 Foundations of Pathophysiology

Pathology?

study of functional changes in cells tissues and organs due to disease or injury

Functional changes that occur during disease or injury?

structural, mechanical, physiological, biochemical at genetic or cellular level

Why study patho?

help recognize underlying mechanisms of disease through symptoms

Nurses use patho _________________ when caring for pt?

a) sometimes

b) every time

b

How disease or injury cause functional changes of cells and tissues of body?

structural, mechanical, physiological, biochemical mutations

Most basic level in which disease or injury causes changes in body?

genetic/cellular level (mutaion)

Disease vs illness?

d: due to homoeostatic imbalance outside of normal range

i: individual feels unhealthy

Which fits situation better?

(Disease/illness) is where you feel unhealthy

illness

Disease may occur due to _______________ imbalance?

homeostatic

Ex of homeostatic imbalance way out of range, causing disease?

drink too much alcohol where liver cells die faster than ability to regenerate

Consuming alcohol where liver cells regenerate faster than they die is an ex of (disease/illness)?

illness

Ex of diagnostic tools that can detect presence of homeostatic imbalance causing clinical manifestations?

blood, imaging, DNA analysis

What can we check in blood to detect any homeostatic imbalance that's causing clinical manifestations?

BG, (blood) pH, PO2, intracellular enzymes in extracellular fluids

Presence of (intra/extra)cellular enzymes in extracellular fluid is abnormal?

intra

Extracellular fluid of blood?

plasma

(Intra/extra)cellular enzymes should be in cells for normal function?

intra

Ex of imaging tools used to detect homeostatic imbalance causing clinical manifestation?

x-ray, ultrasound, CT scan, MRI scan

Clinical manifestations AKA?

signs and symptoms

Clinical manifestations can determine...?

treatment, diagnostic, if able to adapt/recover or if long term issues

4 interrelated topics of patho?

etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, treatment

Etiology?

cause of disease and/or injury

Etiologic categories?

genetic, congenital, aquired etiology

Type of etiology Down syndrome falls under. Why?

genetic, extra chromosome

Type of etiology Turner syndrome (females only) falls under. Why?

genetic, missing X chromosome in female

____________________ or __________________ mutation can cause genetic abnormality?

chromosomal, genetic

Most common eti.?

acquired

Prions?

infectious proteins

Abnormal immune responses?

increased/decreased innate or adaptive immune functions

Ex abnormal innate immune response?

histamine secretion, phagocytosis, mucous secretion, complement proteins

Ex abnormal adaptive response?

abnormal B cell secretion, cytotoxic and/or helper T cell responses

Hypersensitivities AKA?

allergies

Innocuous?

not harmful

Hypersensitivities occur when...?

immune system overreacts to innocuous env. agents/antigens

Hypersensitivities type of effects?

local, systemic

Autoimmunity?

adaptive immune system reacts to normal self antigens

Autoimmunity ex?

Type 1 DM, MS

Immunodeficiencies?

immune system doesn't elicit normal response to antigen

Immunodeficiencies ex?

HIV/AIDS

GAS short for...?

General Adaptation Syndrome

Ex abnormal immune responses?

hypersensitivities,

autoimmunity

Genetic eti.?

change in gene expression causing under/overproduction of a particular component, affecting normal biochem/cell functioning

Cause of genetic disorder (mutation) 3 possibilities?

inherited traits,

random,

env exposure

Clinical manifestations?

signs, symptoms

Genetic eti. clinical manifestations causes?

developmental effects,

increased susceptibility to certain disease(s),

can be present at or shortly after birth or years later

How can you randomly get genetic disorder?

error during cell division causing mutation

Clinical manifestation years later ex?

huntingtons (syptoms start around 20s)

Gene?

part of DNA that codes for particular protein

Genetic etiology caused by _________________/__________________ mutation

chromosomal, genetic

Gene expression?

process where genetic code is used to synthesize protein

First step of gene expression?

gene transcription

Last step of gene expession?

protein synthesis

Gene expression 2 stages in order?

transcription, translation

Gene transcription?

DNA to mRNA

Gene translation?

mRNA to amino acid sequence

Gene translation AKA?

protein synthesis

congenitl eti

structural or functional anomalies dueing embryonic or fetal develpment in utero or labour and dilivery

Genetic defect that occurs within a single cell creates new cells w same genetic code for defect (T/F)

T

Genes are sections of _________________?

chromosome

Chromosomal defect/mutation includes...?

addition, deletions, or translocations of gene(s),

addition or deletions of chromosome(s),

older expecting mother

Risk of chromosomal eti. increases with (mother/father) age?

mother

Fetal assessment that older expectant mother should do?

karyotyping

Genes are made up of _________________ bases?

nitrogenous

N-bases?

A, T, G, C

Ex: Genetic disorders due to mutations during protein synthesis?

hemophilia, sickle cell, cystic fibrosis

Ex genetic disorder gotten randomly or env exposure?

lung cancer, urinary bladder cancer

Inherited traits AKA?

familial predispositions

Developmental effects?

changes over time within individuals as they get older

_____________ and ______________ disorders often have developmental effects?

genetic, chromosomal

Developmental effects of Trisomy 21?

risk of learning disorder, cardiac disorder, and earlier onset dementia (as they get older)

Inherited traits can increase risk of disease susceptibility (T/F)

T

Congenital eti.?

structural or functional anomalies present at birth

When congenital eit. can be identified?

before, at, after birth

Congenital eti. can be identified years after birth (T/F)

T

Congenital eti occurs during...?

embryonic or fetal development, during labour and delivery

Congenital eti. causes?

injury during pregnancy, labour or delivery,

exposure to teratogens or micronutrient deficiency in utero,

incest,

older maternal age

Incest AKA?

consanguinity

Teratogen?

substance or condition that impairs normal embryonic or fetal development

Cause(s) of congenital eti. where timing of exposure will determine the degree of the anomaly?

intrauterine exposure to a teratogen, micronutrient deficiency

When teratogen exposure most severe outcomes of congenital eti.?

embryonic period

Embryonic period trimester?

1st

Most severe organs affected due to congenital eti. developing during embryonic period?

brain,

spinal cord,

heart,

eyes,

ears,

limbs,

palate

Eti. where infection/disease present at birth?

congenital

Micronutrient required to be in flour?

folic acid

Why is folic acid required to be in flour?

lacking leads to diff diseases

Higher parental age, mostly (mom/dad) at conception of child will increase the risk of a __________________ ______________________ baby?

mom, Down syndrome

Common Teratogens acronym?

TORCH

"T" in TORCH?

Toxoplasmosis

"O" in TORCH?

other

What "O" in TORCH includes?

certain viruses, bacteria, chemicals (toxins/drugs), radiation

"R" in TORCH?

rubella

"C" in TORCH?

cytomegalovirus

"H" in TORCH?

herpes simplex 2

Most common eti category?

acquired eti

Acquired eti.?

damage causing anomaly occurs after birth

Acquired eti can happen even when adult (T/F)

T

Env factors that cause anomaly after birth is under _____________ eti?

acquired

Malnutrition?

nutritional, fluid, electrolyte, pH deficiency

General causes of acquired tissue damage?

infectious agents, physical/chemical agents, malnutrition, abnormal immune responses, psychological agents

Drinking too much water can cause death (t/f)

T

Idiopathic?

cause of disease unknown