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26 Terms

1
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What is the average erosion rate per year in Happisburgh?

30-40 feet (9-12 meters) per year.

2
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What are the two types of engineering methods used to protect coastlines?

Hard engineering and soft engineering.

3
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What does hard engineering involve?

Building artificial structures such as wood and concrete to protect the coast.

4
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What is soft engineering?

Working with nature and using natural materials to protect the coast and absorb waves.

5
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Why is the coast of Happisburgh vulnerable to erosion?

The coast is made from soft rocks such as clay and sand, which are less resistant to erosion.

6
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What processes contribute to the erosion in Happisburgh?

Hydraulic action, attrition, abrasion, and solution.

7
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How does the natural width of the beach affect erosion in Happisburgh?

The coast is naturally narrow, meaning there is not enough beach to absorb the power of the waves.

8
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What effect does the fetch of waves have in Happisburgh?

It contributes to the power of the waves, leading to increased erosion.

9
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What types of materials are used in soft engineering?

Natural materials that help absorb waves using friction.

10
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What are common hard engineering structures used for coastal protection?

Wooden groynes and concrete sea walls.

11
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How does the composition of the coastline in Happisburgh impact erosion rates?

Soft rocks like clay and sand make the coastline more vulnerable to erosion.

12
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What is the main goal of using coastal engineering?

To protect the coastline from erosion and damage.

13
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In which region is Happisburgh located?

North Norfolk, England.

14
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What is one disadvantage of hard engineering methods?

They can be expensive and may have negative ecological impacts.

15
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What is the role of natural beach material in coastal protection?

It absorbs wave energy and reduces erosion through friction.

16
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What human activities can exacerbate coastal erosion in Happisburgh?

Development and removal of vegetation can increase vulnerability.

17
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How do powerful waves affect coastal erosion in Happisburgh?

They erode the coastline more rapidly due to their energy and force.

18
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What would be a primary benefit of implementing soft engineering techniques?

They are more environmentally friendly and work in harmony with nature.

19
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Can the erosion rate in Happisburgh change over time?

Yes, factors like climate change and human activity can alter erosion rates.

20
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What is the effect of hydraulic action on coastlines?

It erodes rock and sediment by the force of water crashing against the shore.

21
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What is attrition in the context of coastal erosion?

The process by which rock particles are worn down by collisions with other particles.

22
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How does abrasion contribute to coastal erosion?

The wearing away of rock surfaces by the sand and pebbles carried by waves.

23
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What environmental features are typically considered in coastal management strategies?

Sediment types, wave patterns, and coastal topography.

24
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What is a potential consequence of ongoing erosion in Happisburgh?

Loss of land and damage to properties near the coast.

25
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What type of material is particularly vulnerable to erosion in Happisburgh?

Soft rocks like sand and clay.

26
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Why is it important to monitor erosion rates in Happisburgh?

To assess the effectiveness of protection measures and plan future actions.