All Units

Social Studies Final Review

Black Codes

Set limits on the rights of African Americans. African Americans could only work on farms, could not vote, own a weapon, and serve on a jury.

13^th Amendment

Abolished Slavery (FREE)

14^th Amendment

Gave full citizenship to all former slaves (CITIZENS)

15^th Amendment

Right to vote for African American males (VOTE)

Freedmen’s Bureau

The government agency that gave food and medicine to blacks and whites in the South. Educated former slaves.

Tenant Farmers

People who pay rent for the use of land on which they grow crops

Sharecroppers

a system where tenant farmers pay a part of their crop as rent, rather than using cash.

Radical Republicans

A group of republicans who demanded that the south meet stricter requirements to came back to the union.

Abolitionist

People who wanted an end to slavery

KKK

Ku Klux Klan. A white hate group who terrorized African Americans

Segregation

The forced separation of races in public places and housing

Impeach of Johnson

Johnson was charged with violating the Office of Tenure Act by firing the Secretary of War. Found not guilty, but he lost power as president

Lincoln/ Johnson Plan: Soft Reconstruction

• Written a new state constitution

• elected a new govt.

• repealed its act of secession

• canceled war debts

• ratify the 13^th Amendment

• re-admit state after 10% took oath of allegiance

• emphasis was on forgiveness

Radical Reconstruction: Hard Reconstruction

• Adopt a constitution guaranteeing all male citizens the right to vote

• elect a new govt.

• 13^th, 14^th, and 15^th Amendments

• white southerners who were Confederate soldiers could not vote for the state constitutions

• Punish the South

• create black equality

Failure of Reconstruction

1. white terrorism

1. Amnesty Act 1872 (forgiveness)- allowed southern confederates to run for office

2. Compromise 1877 (election 1876)

3. Neither candidate had enough votes, congress allowed Rutherford B. Hayes to be president if he removed all troops from the South

Evidence of The Failure

The Compromise of 1877 resulted from the election of 1876, Tilden vs. Hayes

Tilden and Hayes both ran for president

No president was voted in because democrats cried foul because there must be a clear winner to be president

Hayes and Congress made a deal

Hayes had to give money to South to rebuild and nominate one of Tilden’s men to the cabinet; he would have to pull military out of South

Jim Crow Laws

Segregation laws passed in the South after Reconstruction

Literacy Test

A test given to former slaves to see if they could read and write in order to vote

Poll Tax

A tax put on the poll in order to vote. A way to deter the freed slaves from voting

Grandfather Clause

Allowed white southerners to vote even if they could not read and write or pay the poll tax. Stated that the voting laws did not apply to anyone whose father or grandfather voted before Jan. 1, 1867

Plessy vs. Ferguson

Ruled that segregation laws do not violate the 14th amendment.

Plessy was arrested for riding in a white railroad car

Extermination of the Plains Indians

US government killed off the buffalo so the Indians would have no food or skin for clothing and eventually wipe of the Indians.

With no more buffalo for the Indians to use, they had no choice but to go onto reservations to survive.

Reservastion

Government land where Indians were forced to live on after their land was taken away

Fort Laramie Treaty

The government agreed to make yearly payments to the tribes, promised they could live and hunt on the land forever. Gave the government the right to build roads and forts, but there were to be defined boundaries for where the Indians could hunt.

Chinese Exclusion Act

A document that prevented Chinese immigrants from entering the US. This was the first group of people excluded from entering the United States.

Homestead Act of 1862

Provided 160 acres of land to settlers for a small registration fee. Settlers had to live on the land for 5 years.

Transcontinental Railroad

A railroad build all across the US - from Atlantic to Pacific Oceans - Led to growth of industry and trade

Dawes Act

Broke up Indian reservations and forced them to sell off their land. The Dawes Act was enacted to prevent future battles between Indians and White men, they wanted to have the Indians assimilate into the American way.

Robber Barons

Entrepreneurs who were successful by driving their competitors out of business, sometimes by unfair methods. They were criticized and called Robber Barons.

Captains of Industry

Leader in a particular industry; a positive way to describe their success. They help their industry grow and prosper.

Andrew Carnegie

He worked to create the steel empire. He worked to control all aspects of the development of steel. He did good things with his money and was considered a philanthropist. Believed in the Gospel of Wealth

J. P. Morgan

He bought Carnegie’s steel company and formed the U.S Steel Company. This was the largest corporation in the world at that time.

J. D. Rockefeller

He worked to create an oil empire. His company was called Standard Oil, and by 1880, it controlled 90% of the nation’s refining and almost all oil transportation. He was also philanthropic.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

He was a railroad tycoon. He consolidated railroads to run the railroads more efficiently

Leland Stanford

He was governor of California. He was also a railroad tycoon on the western front of the United States.

Gospel of Wealth

An article written by Carnegie which stressed that the wealthy had a responsibility to help the less fortunate.

Interstate Commerce Act

Declared that all railroad rates must be reasonable and just.

Assimilation

The process of a group of people changing and adapting their native culture to the new culture they are with.

Tenements

Buildings that were cramped and dirty where a majority immigrants lived because it was all they could afford. Many times mutli-families lived in small rooms together and they also used their living space to do work.

Nativism

The belief that “native” Americans were superior to immigrants. This group of people were very anti-immigrant and made sure to make that known.

Anti - Semitism

Discrimination of the Jewish people

Ethnic Cities

Areas within cities that were settled by groups of people of the same ethnicity. They were set up in order to keep similar culture, language, religion, etc. in a new country

Urbanization

A shift of population from living in rural areas (farms) to urban areas (cities)

Political Machines

Organizations that provided social services and jobs in exchange for votes.

Settlement Houses

Community centers which provided services to the poor

Push Factors

The reasons why immigrants left their home country. These included oppressive governments, religious intolerance, war, etc.

Pull Factors

The reasons why immigrants wanted to come to America. These included freedoms, job opportunities, land, etc.

Jane Addams

Founded the Hul House, fought for public service for the poor

Suburbs

Areas that are settled right outside urban (city) areas

Progressives

People whose goals were to:

• End government corruption

• Improve the life of factory workers

• End alcoholism

• Gain women’s suffrage

Theodore Roosevelt

• Increased regulation of many industries, including

  • Railroads

  • Food & Drug

  • Coal mining, etc.

• Conservation (protecting national resources, created national parks)

William Taft

• Federal Income Tax (16^th Amendment Passed)

• Increased federal regulations of businesses

• Direct Election of Senators (17^th Amendment Passed)

• Supported high Tariffs (forces Americans to pay more for imported goods)

Woodrow Wilson

• Lowered tariffs

• Federal Reserve Act passed

• Federal trade Commission

• Clayton Antitrust Act

Muckrakers

Journalists who exposed problems in politics and society. Their articles and books brought about important changes and improvements

Ida Tarbell

Muckraker - wrote magazine articles (“History of Standard Oil” about the cut-throat practices of Standard Oil (Rockefeller)). Helped bring about the breakup of the Standard Oil monopoly.

Upton Sinclair

Muckraker - Wrote The Jungle, which told about the unsanitary conditions in the meat factories. Led to the creation of food inspection laws.

Jacob Riis

Muckraker - Reporter/ photographer who described horrors of life in NYC slums. Published How the Other Half Lives.

Lincoln Steffens

Muckraker - Wrote The Shame of Our Cities. Exposed political corruption in local politics and law enforcement.

Temperance

Moderation of drinking (and sale, etc.) of liquor

Prohibition

The banning of the sale, manufacture, and transport of liquor

Woman’s Suffrage

Women’s right to vote

16^th Amendment

Federal Income Tax: the Government taxes workers’ wages.

17^th Amendment

Direct Election of Senators: (Senators are elected by the people. They used to be chosen by state legislatures)

18^th Amendment

Prohibition: banned of the sale, manufacture, and transport of liquor

19^th Amendment

Women’s Suffrage: gave woman the right to vote

Populists

A political party focused on reform. No populist ever became president, but their ideas were adopted by the Progressive Party.

Corruption

using a public office for illegal purposes

Political Machine

Organization of a political party that granted favors in return for votes (This is corrupt)

Spoils System

The practice of rewarding political supporters with government jobs (begun by Andrew Jackson—can lead to corruption)

Bull Moose Party

Party formed by Teddy Roosevelt when he tried to run for re-election (he lost).

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

Conservation

Protecting natural resources

Food and Drug Act

Law passed (under TR) requiring that ingredients be listed and truth be told about medicine

Square Deal

Roosevelt’s campaign platform—he promised that the American people would get “a square deal all around.” fairness

Meat Inspection Act

(TR) set sanitary standard for meat packing and required inspection of meats

Isolationism

The policy of a country keeping to itself and not getting involved in the affairs of other countries. (The US had historically adopted an isolationist foreign policy.)

Imperialism

The policy of taking control of the government and resources of other countries to build an empire. (The US favored this policy in the late 1800s - early 1900s)

Monroe Doctrine

A US policy started in 1832 by President Monroe - told Europe they could no longer take colonies in North or South America - and promised the US would stay out of Europe’s affairs.

Spheres of Influence

Areas in which a country has special trading privileges

Open Door Policy

Policy that allowed all countries to trade with China on an equal basis

Great White Fleet

16 American warships sent around the world in 1907 to show US power

“Butcher” Weyler

Spanish general who’s ruthless and inhumane treatment of Cubans angered Americans.

Rough Riders

Group of volunteers led by Teddy Roosevelt who fought in Cuba during the Spanish-American War.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Filipino leader - angry that the US took power in the Philippines after helping them get rid of Spain

William H. Taft

US governor of the Philippines (later became US president)

The USS Maine

A US Battleship that exploded in Havana Harbor in 1898. A major cause of the Spanish-American War.

William Randolph Hearst

(Yellow Journalist) A newspaper publisher who printed sensational stories that helped gain support for a war against Spain

Joseph Pulitzer

(Yellow Journalist) A newspaper publisher who printed sensational stories that helped gain support for a war against Spain

Yellow Journalism

The printing of sensational stories to get people stirred up against Spain

Big Stick Diplomacy

Teddy Roosevelt’s policy of backing up words with a strong military. The belief that the threat of military force is the most effective way to deal with other countries (especially in South America).

Dollar Diplomacy

William H. Taft’s policy of encouraging US businesses to invest in Latin America.

Moral Diplomacy

Woodrow Wilson’s policy of treating Latin America with respect and friendship. He felt that this was the most effective way to deal with other countries.

Roosevelt Corollary

This addition to the Monroe Doctrine allowed the US to send its military to help Latin American countries, even if European Countries were not actively interfering.

Militarism

The buildup of weapons and military to have a strong country 

Alliances

Countries that formed a military alliance for protection. (It would help the other country if they entered into a conflict)

Nationalism

Strong feeling of pride in one’s country

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne. He was assassinated by Princip, which was the spark that caused WWI.

Powder Keg

Europe before WW I, something was about to explode caused by strong nationalism and the buildup of weapons

Zimmerman Telegraph

Message sent to Mexico from Germany to go to war with America, in return, Mexico would get land in California and New Mexico.

Lusitania

A passenger ship that German U-boats sank while practicing unrestricted submarine warfare.