baroque and classical

_____ era was characterized by absolutist monarchies, the scientific revolution, religious conflict, and an expanding middle class

baroque

Revolutionzed physics and mathematics; symbolic of Baroque era’s intellectual rigor

isaac newton

“I think, therefore I am”, emphasized the dualism of body and mind

rene descartes

promoted enlightenment ideas such as natural rights and empiricism

John Locke

his sculptures embody and energy and emotional depth mirrored in baroque music

Bernini

though earlier, his legacy inspired many musical works and libretti

William Shakespeare

during the baroque period, which sects of the church were in a religious conflict?

protestant and catholics

Rococo

art from the end of the baroque period

rococo characteristics

• lightness

• elegance

• ornate decoration

basso continuo

a continuous bass line over which chords were build used to accompany a melodic line (instruments: harpischord, cello, lute)

binary (baroque)

AB form, used especially in dances

ternary (baroque)

ABA form, used in arias and instrumental works

Ritornello Form

alternating orchestral sections and solo episodes (found in concertos)

Fugue form

a complex, contrapuntal form with layered melodic entries

Opera

a new genre in the baroque era combining music, theater, and dance

Recitative

opera feature. speech-like, narrative singing over sparse accompaniment

aria

opera feature. expressive solo with orchestral accompaniment

Monteverdi’s Orfeo, Purcell’s Dido and Aeneas

Opera examples

Oratorio

large-scaled sacred work, similar to opera but unstaged

Oratorio

Handel’s Messiah is an example of ____

Cantata

Shorter vocal work, either sacred (used in Lutheran services) or secular

Cantata

Bach’s Wachet auf is an example of ________

Concerto Grosso

A small group of soloists contrasted wit the full ensemble

Solo Concerto

Single soloist versus the orchestra

Solo Concerto

Vivaldi’s Four Seasons is an example of _______

Fugue Genre

Contrapuntal composition where themes enter successively in imitation

Suite

Series of stylized dances

the american and french revolution

What were the major revolutions during the Classical Era?

Freelancer

A composer untied to a single employer and earned income through commissions, public concerts, and publishing their work, independently.

which era was marked by constraint?

the classical era

which era was marked by ornamentation?

baroque

harpischord was replaced with what in the classical era?

the piano

Sonata-Allegro Form

exposition, development, recapitulation (and often a Coda)

Theme and Variations

one theme repeated with variations in texture, key, rhythm

Minuet & Trio

A ternary form (ABA) often used in symphonies and string quartets

Rondo

Recurring main theme alternating with contrasting sections (ABACA)

Joseph Haydn (1732-1809)

• “Father of the Symphony”

• “Father of the String Quartet”

• developed clear musical forms with wit and invention

• famous work: Surprise Symphony (No. 94)

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)

• prodigy; composed over 600 works in every genre

• known for lyrical melodies, emotional depth, and formal mastery

• balanced elegance with drama, especially in operas

  • famous work: Eine kleine Nachtmusik, The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni

Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827)

• transitional figure to the romantic era

• early works resemble haydn and mozart; later works are revolutionary

• known personal expression, motivic development, and form expansion

• famous work: Symphony No. 5, Symphony No. 9, Moonlight Sonata

Opera is comparative to modern day…..

movies