Hormones 2

how does the feedback loop for hormones work

when a hormone acts on a cell, the hormone also gets regulated since the effects of hte hormone and the amount gets detected/monitored by hormone system.

through negative feedback loop: when a set amount of hormone is reached the system detects that and reduces its output of a hormone

autocrine communication

negative feedback loop that helps reduce hormones

when the hormone acts on the same cell which released it,

when hormone binds to it cell receptors, the cell stops further production of the hormone

what is Target Cell feedback

when hormone acts on the target cell and causes a biological response, the bio response tells the endocrine cells whether more or less of the hormone needs to be secreted

how the brain regulates hormones with the hypothalamus

the brain uses the hypothalamus to regulate through negative feedback loop

hypothalamus has power to directly release hormones from the endocrine glands

when too much of a hormone the brain detects it and asks hypothalamus to stop endocrine gland release

how does the brain regulate hormones with the pituitary

using the hypothalamus and pituitary

Anterior pituitary gland secretes tropic hormones which affects the release of hormones at endocrine glands

pituitary’s secretion is regulated by hypothalamus’s releasing hormones.

bio response sends negative feedback to tell hypothalamus and pituitary to stop production/secretion

what is the pituitary gland also called

hypophysis

what are the two parts of the pituitary gland and their other names

anterioir pit. / adenohypophysis

posterior pit, / neurohypophysis

whats the part of the pituitary gland that connects it to the hypothalamus

the pituitary stalk /infundibulum

how is the infundibulum connected to the adeno and neurohypophysis

is connected to the anterior pit. through blood vessels (how stem sends information there)

the stem is connected to the posterior pit. through axons

Anterior Pituitary (structure)

located in the PVN Paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus

made up of small nerves

1. secretes “releasing or inhibiting” hormones produced by the hypothalamus into blood portal 

2. blood portal connects this structure to the hypothalamus

3. this structure also a gland and releases its own tropic hormones

Hypothalamic Neuroendocrine cells

(function, influenced by?)

these cells in the hypothalamus create releasing hormones.

the sysnthesis is affecting by messages like hormones, blood sugar, immune system products

excitatory/ inhibitory synaptic inputs from brain areas

so body is in balance with hormones (homeostasis)

what are the (releasing) hormones/secretions of the hypothalamus

(CTG PS)

call the gondala p.s. (double for gps)

Corticotropic CRH

Thryrotropic TRH

Gonadotropic releasing

Gonadotropic inhibitting

Prolactin releasing

Prolactin Inhibiting

Somatocrinin releasing

Somatostatin inhibitinng

these stimulate tropic hormones in pituitary gland (which affect organs)

secretions from Anterior Pituitary ( Tropic hormones )

(ATLTPG)

adrien thinks ladybugs fooling people good

Adrenocorticotropic ACTH

Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH

Luteinizing hormone LH

Follicle stimulating FSH

Prolactin

Growth hormone GH

what is CRH

corticotropic releasing hormone

hypothalamus: releasing

→ anterior pit. → ACTH

ACTH

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

tropic hormone from anterior pituitary

targets adrenal cortex

what do adrenal glands produce and function

corticosteroids:

cortisol, aldosterone, androstenedione

function

stress, metabolism, immune regulation

Adrenal Glands structure

small pudge on top of kidney

two parts:

adrenal medulla (inside) -epi, norepinephrine

adrenal cortex (outer) - corticosteroids

Adrenal Cortex hormones and their functions

(Give clementine magnificent alimony sex and)

secretes adrenocorticoids (steroid hormones)

Glucocorticoids

cortisol - regulates metabolism, immune, stress

boosts energy, ant inflammatory (help run away, also get hurt)

too much is harmful (chronic)

Mineralocorticoids: ion concentration in tissues

Aldosterone: retain salt (and water) in kidneys to help dehydration

Sex steroids

andesterone: body hair pattern on men and women

HPA axis

(CRH to ACTH to target to hormone from target)

Hypothalamis - Pituitary - Adrenal axis

function: controls release of cortisol and mineralocorticoids from adrenal glands

Corticotropic releasing hormone from hypo.

triggers release of Adrenocorticotropic h. from anterior pit.

ACTH targets Adrenal cortex

Adrenal cortex secretes 

Corticosteriods

How does neg feedback loop work in HPA axis

when adrenocorticoids too high it is sensed by hypothalamus which stops making CRH and thus anterior pit stops ACTH release

TRH

Thyrotropin releasing hormone

Hypothalamus (releasing h.)

→ TSH

TSH

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Anterior Pit.

→ Thyroid

Thyroid (structure and process, function)

butterfly shape organ in neck made of lobules (has follicle cells containing T3 and 4) which are sent into blood

triidothyrine 3 and thyroxine 4 tell tell every cell when to take in oxygen and nutrients so energy is maintain(metabolism)

organ job is to keep making T3 and 4, so metabolism is regulated

needs iodine to make T3 and 4 hormones

neg feedback loop for HPT

the pitutary gland senses thryoid T3 and T4 levels in blood and pit can stop TSH from there

Hyperthyroidism

dieases in thyroid or chemical imbalance interfer with neg feedback loop and pit. cant stop TSH

leading to too much Thyroid hormones telling body to consume oxygen and nutrients → too high metabolism

high energy, fast heartbeat, hunger, weight loss, hot anxious, hard to sleep

Hypothyroidism

not enough thyroid hormones → slow metabolism

cells don’t consume oxy, nutrients and tire

weight gain, cold, sluggish, joint pain

HPT axis

(TRH to TSH to target to hormone from target)

Hypothalamus Pituitary Thyroid axis

function: thryoid makes T3 and T4 which stimulates further T3/4 production and helps metabolism

Thyrotropin releasing hormone from hypothalamus

triggers release of Thyroid Stimulating h. from Anterior pit.

targets thyroid

produces thyroid hormones

T3 thyroxine

T4 triidothyrine

HPG axis

GnRH to GnRI to target to hormone from target

Hypothalamic Pituitary Gonadal axis

Kisspeptin → GnRH in hypothalamus

Gonadotropin releasing and inhibiting hs from hypothalamus

trigger release or inhibiting of Lutenizing h and Folicle stimulating h

targets the testes and ovaries (Gonads)

produces testosterone or estrogren, progestin

Kisspeptin

a peptide in hypothalamus that is key for puberty onset since

it triggers Gonadotropin RH in hypothalamus leading to eventual sex hormone production in gonads

Prolactin R, Prolactin I to target to hormone from target

Prolactin releasing or inhibiting hormone from hypothalamus

triggers release or inhibition of Prolactin

targets Mammary glands (milk production)

Somatocrinin and Somatostain to GH to target

somatoCrinin is releasing

somatoStatin is inhibiting both from hypothalamus

triggers release or inhibition of Growth hormone

targets bones (cause growth directly)

Draw Hypothalamus Pitutary axis

Hypothalamus - CEO

secretes releasing (or inhibiting hormones)

Anterior Pituitary - Manager

tropic hormones in response to hypothalamus

Endocrine Glands - brand managers

tissues, glands which respond to tropic hormones, by making a final hormone

how do feedback loops generally work in hypothalamus pittutary axis

the endocrine (target) glands usually give feedback to the hypothalamus to stop releasing hormones (or start inhibitory one)

which gets to pituitary and tropic hormone is stopped

what are the Hormones outside the HP axises

PAPP Kindly Alden

hormones are produced elsewhere in the body acting directly on tissues and organs

Pancreas

Adrenal medulla

Pineal gland

Parathyroid

Heart

Kidneys

Adipose tissue

Pancreas

makes hormones that regulate glucose

insulin (lower glucose)

glucagon (raise)

somatostatin (stop insulin and glucagon)

Adrenal medulla

makes epinephrine and norepinephrine

(fight or flight and mediate it, heart rate, blood pressure)

controlled by SNS

Pineal gland

makes melatonin (regulate circadian rhythm and sleep wake cycle)

Light: retina is activated and superchaiasmic nucleus SCG in hypothalamus is alerted. sends signal to SCN which reduce signals to pineal gland so melatonin not released

Dark: Superior cervical ganglion SCN lets SCG activate pineal gland for melatonin production

Parathyroid

makes PTH parathyroid hormone raises blood calcium

Heart

makes artial natriuetic peptide (ANP) which excretes sodium and water to reduce blood pressure

Kidneys

eryhtropoietin which increases red blood cells

and renin : maintain blood pressure through reinn aldosterone system

Adipose tissue

makes leptin: regulate appetite and energy balance

what is the precursor for melatonin and how does it do so

serotonin

not enough serotonin not enough melatonin

synchronies circadian rhythm: sleep wake cycle by light dark cues

helps sleep onset: by signals its night and to control arousal

seasonal rhythm in species with seasonal traits

Pancreatic hormones

comes from several endocrine cells in islets of Langerhans in pancreas 

all maintain blood glucose homeostasis

alpha: glucagon (increase)

beta: insulin (decrease)

delta: somatostatin (inhibits both glucagon and insulin)