Chinese History 115 Test 1

Ti-yong

The concept that Chinese studies are for the essence and foreign studies are for the tools, emphasizing the preservation of Chinese culture while modernizing with new 'weapons'.

Lin Zexu

An upright Confucian official known for his strong opposition to opium, who gave addicts a year to quit before cracking down on British traders in 1839.

Canton

One of the earliest trading ports in ancient China, now known as Guangzhou, where trade restrictions allowed only the Portuguese to trade.

Zeng Jing

A failed scholar from Hunan who attempted to overthrow the Yongzheng emperor and was later executed by Emperor Qianlong.

Kowtow

A traditional gesture of respect for the emperor involving bowing on both knees three times with the head touching the ground.

Li Hongzhang

A key figure in the Tongzhi Restoration, promoting modernization while preserving Confucian values.

Wang Fuzhi

A brilliant Confucian scholar and a Ming loyalist known for his early success in examinations.

Four Treasuries

A significant literary collection under Qianlong containing 36,000 volumes, aimed at preserving Chinese literature but also involved censorship.

Wu Sangui

A Ming general who allied with the Manchus against the peasant army led by Li Zicheng, significantly impacting the Manchu dynasty's start.

Jinshi

The highest and last imperial examination for Confucian scholars in China, taken in the capital.

Hunan Army

Led by Zengguofan, this army was known for its loyalty and effectiveness, particularly in suppressing the Taiping Rebellion.

Treaty of Nanjing

The peace treaty that ended the Opium War, resulting in China ceding Hong Kong to Britain and paying an indemnity of 21 million.

East India Company

A powerful British trading company that shifted focus from tea to opium due to trade imbalances with China.

District Magistrate

The lowest level of imperial officer in China, responsible for tax collection and local governance.

Hong Xiuquan

The leader of the Taiping Rebellion who believed he was the Son of God and sought to overthrow the Manchu rulers.

James Flint

A bilingual British figure in Canton whose illegal activities led to tensions with the Chinese emperor.

Queue

A Manchu hairstyle imposed on male subjects which involved shaving the front of the head and growing a braid.

Macartney Mission

The first British diplomatic mission to China, which failed to achieve its goals and worsened relations.

Treaty of Shimonoseki

A treaty that ended the First Sino-Japanese War, forcing China to recognize Korea's independence and ceding Taiwan to Japan.

Sun Yatsen

The founder of the Kuomintang (KMT), who laid the groundwork for Chinese nationalism.

100 Days of Reform

An initiative led by the Guangxu Emperor aimed at modernizing China, which was ultimately derailed by Dowager Cixi's coup.