REA Clep US History 1 Flashcard prep book

____________, a dissident Puritan minister, founded the settlement of Providence.

Roger Williams

What were the main tenets of the Three-Fifths Compromise?

l) Bach slave would count as three- fifths of a person for purposes of taxation and representation.

2) The federal government was prohibited from stopping the importation of slaves prior to 1808.

Who were the "scalawags"?

Southerners who supported Reconstruction governments

What was the Second Great Awakening?

The Second Great Awakening was a revival that took place in the beginning of the 1800s. Women and blacks were heavily involved in the movement, and it sparked the reforms of the 1830s and 1840s.

Why was the Act of Religious Toleration approved in Maryland?

The Act of Religious Toleration was intended to protect the Catholic minority by granting freedom of worship to all Christian persuasions.

Which branch has the power to impeach the president or other high government officials?

The legislative branch or Congress

Why did the Scots-Irish immigrate to the New World? Where did they settle?

I) The Scots-Irish left their homelands due to high rent and economic depression.

2) They settled in the Virginia and North Carolina mountain valleys, beyond the Appalachians.

Which section of the country had the fewest number of public schools in the 1830s?

The South

What was Bacon's Rebellion and what was its effect?

I) Nathaniel Bacon led a group of men, many of them former indentured servants, in burning Jamestown to show their disapproval of the colony's Indian policy.

2) It marked the turning point from the use indentured servants to the use of African slave labor.

What is the Electoral College?

The Electoral College is a body of electors from each state, based on the state's combined number of senators and representatives. Its function is to elect the president.

What colony was established for freed slaves in 1830?

Liberia

What brought about the rise of the nativist movement during the late 1840s and early 1850?

The alarm of native-born Americans over the rising tide of German and Irish immigration

Who founded Pennsylvania? Why was Pennsylvania founded?

l) William Penn

2) He founded Pennsylvania as a haven for Quakers, a religious sect whose followers were pacifists , and believed all people had an "inner light" that allowed them to communicate with God.

Which amendment guarantees freedom of speech, press, and religion?

The First Amendment

Why did Kansas become known as "Bleeding Kansas"?

Full-scale guerilla war erupted there after the election of two opposing territorial governments.

What was the purpose of John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry? What was the reaction to this event?

I) John Brown hoped to capture the federal arsenal and start a slave uprising.

2) Many in the North began to view Brown as a martyr, but many in the South saw this as evidence that the North wanted to end slavery. This event also played on one of the South's deepest fears, slave revolt.

Why may it be said that the Enlightenment further weakened the Church's influence in society?

The Enlightenment placed less faith in God as an active force in the universe.

Which amendment grants to states those powers not , granted to the federal government?

The Tenth Amendment

True or False: The majority of southerners owned slaves.

False. Three-fourths of the southern whites did not own any slaves.

Which class had economic power and dominated the political and social life of the South?

The planter class

What was the Great Awakening?

The Great Awakening was a series of religIous revivals throughout the colonies between 1720 and 1740.

Why were the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 passed?

To stifle actual or potential Democrat Republican opposition to the Federalist-controlled government during the "undeclared war" with France

When did the importation of slaves from abroad become illegal?

1808

What did Gabriel Prosser, Denmark Vesey, and Nat Turner all have in common?

They all plotted or led uprisings of blacks against their white masters.

Instead of being prepared for academic training, women were generally taught skills.

homemaking

What were the Kentucky and Virginia Resolves?

These were a series of resolves drawn up by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison that were presented to the Kentucky and Virginia legislatures; they proposed that John Locke's compact theory should be applied. This would nullify federal laws in those states.

Who were the "copperheads"?

Northerners opposed to the war

What were Black Codes?

Restrictions on the freedom of former slaves that were passed by southern states after the end of the Civil War

From which countries did the majority of immigrants to the United States come from between 1815 and 1837?

Britain, Germany, and southern Ireland

What resolutions were drafted by the New England Delegates at the Hartford Convention in December 1814?

They drafted a set of resolutions suggesting nullification and even secession if their interests were not protected against the growing influence of the South And the West.

Which nineteenth-century groups formed cooperative communities to improve the life of the common man against increasing industrialism?

The Utopians

What utopian community was based on free love and open marriage?

Oneida Community in New York

True or False: Approximately 100,000 people had. settled in Kentucky and Tennessee by 1790.

True

Why did the admission of Missouri in 1819 result in a controversy between the northern and southern members of Congress? How was this resolved?

Missouri's admission would upset the sectional balance in the Senate. As a compromise, Maine was admitted as a free state, Missouri was admitted as a .lave state, and slavery was prohibited north of the 36 degree 30'N latitude line in the Louisiana Territory.

Who was Dorothea Dix?

Dorothea Dix was a reformer who advocated for more humane treatment for the mentally incompetent in mental asylums.

Where and when did the first feminist meeting take place?

Seneca Falls, New York, 1848

What encouraged 6,000 Americans to travel westward over the Oregon Trail during the first half of the 1840s?

Reports by fur traders and missionaries about Oregon's favorable and climate

President Jackson's threat to dismiss a large number of government employees and replace them with his supporters is known as the _____ _______.

Spoils System

What was the Underground Railroad?

The Underground Railroad was a system by which Northern abolitionists smuggled escaped slaves to permanent freedom in Canada.

What kind of educational opportunities existed for southern women before the Civil War?

Education for southern women vas rare; what little there was centered on the "domestic arts.'

What was the position of antislavery northerners re- . garding the legality of slavery in the newly acquired territories?

Antislavery northerners felt that Congress had the right to prohibit slavery in the territories, based on the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 and the Missouri , Compromise of 1820.

The ______ __________had emerged from the ruins of the National Republicans and other groups who opposed President Jackson's policies.

Whig Party

What was the purpose of the Tuskegee Institute?

To provide teaching and vocational education for African Americans

Who wrote the pamphlet "Common Sense"? Why was it so important?

I) Thomas Paine

2) It was widely sold and had a great deal of influence in urging Americans to achieve independence from Britain.

In 1620, before going ashore, the Pilgrims drew up the _____ ________ which established an orderly government based on the consent of the governed.

Mayflower Compact

What was the Wilmot Proviso? \What was its effect?

I) The Wilmot Proviso prohibited slavery in any territory that might be acquired from Mexico.

2) Although it was rejected in the Senate, it aroused emotions in southerners who felt it was unfair and northerners who argued the Mexican War was about extending slavery.

What event inspired Francis Scott Key to write "The Star-Spangled Banner"?

The holding firm of Fort McHenry against British bombardment during the invasion of Chesapeake Bay

The ______ movement of the nineteenth century emphasized the emotions and feelings over rationality.

Romanticism

The first document that devised a framework for the national government ofthe United States was known as the ______ ________.

Articles of Confederation

What was the Lancastrian System?

The Lancastrian System was an educational system in which older students tutored younger ones. The New York Free School experimented with this method for a time.

_______ _________ wrote of Puritan bigotry in The Scarlet Letter.

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Who authored "The Raven" and other tales of terror and darkness?

Edgar Allan Poe

What did Shays's Rebellion indicate to many Americans?

Shays's Rebellion alerted Americans that a stronger central government was needed to control violent uprisings.

Who were the 'carpetbaggers"?

Northerners who came to the South to take part in Reconstruction governments

What did the Transcendentalists believe?

Their objective was to transcend the intellect and strive for emotional understanding to attain unity with God.

Who authored Walden and Civil Disobedience, rejected the repression of society, and preached civil disobedience to protest unjust laws?

Henry David Thoreau

Which abolitionist started the newspaper The Liberator and gave new life to the abolitionist movement ?

William Lloyd Garrison

Who escaped from his owner and established his own newspaper, the North Star?

Frederick Douglass

Who wrote Uncle Tom s Cabin? What effect did it have?

1) Harriet Beecher Stowe

2) It made many northerners active opponents of slavery and created sympathy for the North with the British public.

What was the first representative assembly in the New World?

The House of Burgesses

After the Gaspee incident, Americans formed ______ ________ to communicate with other colonies regarding possible threats from the British government.

Committees of Correspondence

What powers did America's first constitution, the Articles of Confederation, grant the federal government? What was not allowed?

The Articles of Confederation created a weak federal government that allowed the federal government to make war and foreign policies, but it did not allow the national government to levy taxes, raise troop's, or regulate trade.

Why may it be said that the election of James Monroe in 1817 indicated national unity?

Monroe was elected with only one electoral vote opposed.

Why was the Annapolis Convention called? What I was decided?

I) The Annapolis Convention was called to discuss problems regarding interstate commerce under the Articles of Confederation.

2) Delegates decided to call a convention or all states to revise the Articles of Confederation.

Who has been called the "father of the Constitution'''?

James Madison

What was "the Great Compromise"? What plans did it incorporate?

The Great Compromise was the agreement reached it the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that estabIished the federal government's bicameral legislature: a Senate in which each state was represented by two senators (New Jersey Plan), and a House of Representatives based on population (Virginia Plan).

Which nineteenth-century Hudson River School artist painted a wide array of American birds and animals?

John James Audubon

What power was granted to the president that allowed him to check Congress?

The power to veto Congress's legislation

How did the slave trade affect a slave's family unit?

Families were frequently split apart.

What did Federalists advocate? What did Anti-Federalists advocate?

I) Federalists advocated a strong centralized government and endorsed the Constitution.

2) Anti-Federalists advocated stronger states· rights and endorsed amending the Articles of Confederation.

What were "The Federalist Papers'''?

The papers were written as a series of eighty-five newspaper articles by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison. They expounded the virtues of the Constitution.

Which famous Federalist led the fight for ratification of the Constitution in New York?

Alexander Hamilton

What is the Bill of Rights?

The Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments to the Constitution, which embody guarantees of personal liberties for Americans.

Who was Sam Houston?

Sam Houston won Texas's independence from Mexico on April 23, 1836.

What immigrant group was the target of job discrimination during the first half of the nineteenth century?

Irish Catholics

What was the Judiciary Act of 1789?

The Judiciary Act of 1789 provided for n federal court system and a Supreme Court consisting of six justices, and created jurisdictions for the federal courts.

Why did Thomas Jefferson object to Alexander Hamilton's funding of the national debt at face value?

Jefferson believed that Hamilton's proposal would benefit speculators who had bought up state and confederation obligations at depressed prices.

What is a broad interpretation of the Constitution'?

Advocates of a strong central government claimed that the government was given "implied powers" or an powers not expressly denied to it.

Which groups supported the Federalists?

Business and financial groups in commercial centers or the Northeast and the port cities of the South

What areas of the country supported Thomas Jefferson and the Republicans?

The rural areas of the South and West

What was the Whiskey Rebellion? How did President George Washington respond to it?

l) A group of Pennsylvania farmers refused to pay the excise tax on whiskey and also terrorized tax collectors.

2) President Washington sent 15,000 federal troops 1 to crush the rebellion and to display the dominance of the federal government.

True or False: Many colleges were founded as a resuIt of the Great Awakening.

True. These colleges were established primarily for the purpose of training New light ministers.

How did John Adams guarantee continuation of Federalist policies after his presidency?

By filling positions, many newly created, with party supporters such as John Marshall. Many of these appointments occurred right at the end of his presidency and are thus referred to as "midnight judges:'

Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, and other strong prowar Congressmen became known as _____ ________.

War Hawks

What was the Essex Junto of 1804?

Some New England Federalists saw western expansion as a threat to their position in the linton and moved to organize a secessionist movement.

Why is the Jacksonian era known as the "age of the common man"?

Since most states had eliminated the property requirement for voting, the electorate was broadened to include almost all white males over twenty-one years of age.

How were the members of the Electoral College elected prior to 1824?

By state legislatures

John Quincy Adams's supporters called themselves ____ ______.

National Republicans

What was the "Kitchen Cabinet"?

The Kitchen Cabinet was a group of partisan supporters from whom President Andrew Jackson took counsel instead of relying on the advice of his appointed cabinet officers.

True or False: President , Jackson vetoed granting a federal subsidy to the Maysville Road project in Kentucky because he stated that the road would exist only within the boundaries of a single state.

True

What were the two arguments in the Webster-Hayne Debate?

Senator Robert Hayne of South Carolina argued agaInst protective tariffs and referred to nullification as a solution. Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts argued that the Union was indissoluble and that the federal government was sovereIgn over the individual states.

What was the major issue in the election of Andrew Jackson?

The rechartering of the National Bank

In 1836, southern members of Congress pushed legislation through that forbade any discussion of slavery on the floor of Congress. What was it called'?

The Gag Rule

What was the major issue that President Martin Van , Buren had to deal with during his administration?

The financial chaos left by the death of the Second National Bank

Who supported the Democratic and Whig parties during the Jacksonian era?

Working class, small merchants, and small farmers supported the Democrats. Northern businesses, manufacturing interests, and large southern planters , supported the Whigs.

What economic and foreign policies did President James Polk change during his presidency?

I) Economic policies: Established a national treasury system, lowered tariffs

2) Foreign policies: Settled Oregon boundary dispute, acquired the Southwest and California

What was the political result of the California gold rush of 1849?

California's population soared from 14.000 to 100,000 in one year, and since there was no territorial government, California sought immediate admission as a state.

What three things did the Compromise of 1850 give the North?

I) Admission of California as a free state

2) Abolition of the slave trade in the District of Columbia

3) Application of popular sovereignty in the Mexican cession outside of California

What three things did the Compromise of 1850 give the South?

I) A tougher Fugitive Slave Law .

2) Continuation of slavery in the District of Columbia

3) An agreement that Congress would have no jurisdiction over the interstate slave trade

What were the main provisions of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850? What was the northern response to it?

I) Alleged slaves in the North were denied a trial by jury, and U.S. citizens were required to help capture and return alleged fugitive slaves.

2) Several riots broke out in the North, and some states passed personal liberty laws in opposition.