Chapter 1-5 Notes Review: Structural Organization, Tissues, Integument, and Connective Tissues

A set of fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering key topics from Chapters 1-5: levels of organization, tissue types, organ systems, epithelial and connective tissues, and integumentary system details.

Atoms are the smallest unit of matter. Two or more atoms combine to form a __.

Molecule

More complex molecules such as proteins or DNA are called __.

Macromolecules

Macromolecules form organelles found within the cell.

Organelles

Cells are the smallest living structures and serve as the basic units of structure and function in __.

organisms

This organizational level allows for specialization; skeletal muscle has numerous organized protein filaments for __ contraction.

muscular

Tissues are precise organizations of similar cells that perform specialized functions. The four basic tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscle, and __.

nervous

Organ Level: Different tissue types combine to form an __.

organ

Organ System Level: Consists of related organs working together to coordinate activities and achieve a common __.

function

Organismal Level: The highest level of structural organization in the body; All body systems function interdependently in a single living human or __.

organism

Integumentary system functions include protection, temperature regulation, site of cutaneous receptors, synthesis of Vitamin D, and reducing water __.

loss

Skeletal system: provides support and protection, site of hemopoiesis, stores calcium and phosphorus, and provides attachment sites.

muscle

Muscular System - Produces body movement and heat during contraction.

generates

Nervous system: Regulatory system that controls body movement, responds to sensory stimuli, and is responsible for consciousness, intelligence and memory.

nervous

Endocrine System - Consists of glands that secretes hormones.

hormones

Cardiovascular System - Consists of the heart, blood and blood vessels; responsible to deliver hormones, nutrients, and remove waste products.

Cardiovascular

Lymphatic System - Transport and filters lymph; initiates an immune response when necessary.

Lymphatic

Respiratory System - Responsible for exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between blood and air in lungs.

Respiratory

Digestive System - Mechanically and chemically digests food materials, absorbs nutrients, and expel waste products.

Digestive

Urinary System - Filters the blood and removes waste products - Expels urine from the body.

Urinary

Male Reproductive System - Produces male sex cells (Sperm) - Produces male hormones (testosterone).

sperm

Female Reproductive System - Produces female sex cells (oocyte) - Produces female hormones (estrogen/progesterone) - Development of embryo and fetus.

oocyte

Epithelial tissues are characterized by 1) Cellularity 2) Polarity 3) Attachment 4) Avascularity 5) (the ability to renew themselves).

regeneration

Functions of epithelial tissue include providing physical protection; controlling ; providing sensation; and producing secretions.

permeability

Intercellular Junctions - Tight junctions prevent passage of and solutes between cells.

water and solutes

Gap junctions are formed by interlocking that connect adjacent cells.

connexons

Desmosomes connect opposing cell membranes and anchor them to the to resist stretching.

cytoskeleton

Hemidesmosomes attach a cell to the lamina.

basal

Basement membrane consists of the basal lamina and the lamina.

reticular

Simple Squamous Epithelia: thin, fragile, and line internal compartments and gas exchange surfaces of the .

lungs

Stratified Squamous Epithelium is located where mechanical stresses are severe, such as the surfaces of the skin and the lining of the .

mouth

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium typically contains cells that secrete mucus.

goblet

Simple Cuboidal Epithelia resemble hexagonal boxes and are located in areas of and (secretion and absorption).

absorption

Nonciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium is located in protected regions where takes place (absorption and diffusion).

absorption and diffusion

Mesothelium lines ventral body cavities, including the pleura, peritoneum, and .

pericardium

Endothelium lines the inner surface of the heart and all vessels.

blood

Epithelial tissue shapes include squamous, cuboidal, and .

columnar

The deepest epidermal layer is the Stratum (stratum germinativum).

Basale

Stratum Spinosum consists of 8-10 layers of keratinocytes bound together by .

desmosomes

Stratum Granulosum contains keratinocytes with keratinization; keratin fibers interlock.

interlock

Stratum Lucidum is present in thick skin; found on the of the body (palms and soles).

palms and soles

Stratum Corneum consists of layers of dead keratinized cells.

20-30

Dermis contains two layers: the superficial layer and the deeper Reticular layer.

papillary

Dermal papillae project toward the epidermis, creating epidermal (fingerprints).

ridges

Lines of indicate the orientation of collagen and elastic fibers in the dermis.

cleavage

Nerve fiber distribution in the dermis includes vasoconstriction and .

vasodilation

Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis) is composed of areolar and tissue and serves as an energy reserve.

adipose

Hair types include lanugo, vellus, and hair (terminal).

terminal

Hair papilla contains capillaries and .

nerves

Hair matrix divides to produce daughter cells that push toward the surface; the hair consists of medulla, cortex, and .

cuticle

Arrector pili muscles cause (goosebumps).

goosebumps

Apocrine sweat glands are associated with hair and produce secretions via a(n) secretion.

apocrine

Merocrine sweat glands discharge secretions directly onto the surface of the skin by a process called .

exocytosis

Sebaceous glands discharge sebum via a secretion (holocrine).

holocrine

Goblet cells secrete in the respiratory tract.

mucus

Acini are secretory portions of glands.

exocrine

Cartilage's chondrocytes reside in tiny chambers called .

lacunae

Bone matrix contains about 2/3 minerals and 1/3 fibers.

collagen

Osteocytes are the cells of bone.

bone

Red blood cells are also called , and they account for about half of blood volume.

erythrocytes

Platelets are cell involved in clotting.

fragments

The three main muscle tissue types are skeletal, cardiac, and .

smooth

Nervous tissue includes and Neuroglia; neurons transmit signals and neuroglia support them.

neurons

Skin color is determined by interaction of epidermal pigmentation (carotene and melanin) and dermal , such as hemoglobin.

circulation

Carotene can be converted to Vitamin .

A

Melanin is produced by and packaged into melanosomes.

melanocytes

Melanin provides protection from radiation; darker skin has greater protection.

UV

Melanocytes reside in the Stratum (germinativum) and transfer melanin to keratinocytes.

basale

Dermis contains two layers: Papillary layer and Reticular layer; it is composed of areolar and dense connective tissue.

irregular

Hair, a nonliving structure produced in hair follicles, has types including lanugo, vellus, and (terminal).

terminal