Consequences of Industrialization C. 1750 - 1900

Flashcards about the Consequences of Industrialization C. 1750 - 1900

Cultural Developments and Interactions (CDI)

The development of ideas, beliefs, and religions illustrates how groups in society view themselves, and the interactions of societies and their beliefs often have political, social, and cultural implications.

Rationales for Imperialism

A range of cultural, religious, and racial ideologies were used to justify imperialism, including Social Darwinism, nationalism, the concept of the civilizing mission, and the desire to religiously convert indigenous populations.

Governance (GOV)

A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes.

State Expansion

Some states with existing colonies strengthened their control over those colonies and in some cases assumed direct control over colonies previously held by non-state entities.

Non-state to state colonial control

Shift from the private ownership of the Congo by King Leopold II to the Belgium government, Shift from the Dutch East India Company to Dutch government control in Indonesia and Southeast Asia

Indigenous Responses to State Expansion

Increasing questions about political authority and growing nationalism contributed to anticolonial movements.

Anti-imperial resistance took various forms

Direct resistance, the creation of new states on the peripheries.

Direct resistance examples

Túpac Amaru II’s rebellion in Peru, Samory Touré’s military battles in West Africa, Yaa Asantewaa War in West Africa, 1857 rebellion in India

New states examples

Establishment of independent states in the Balkans, Sokoto Caliphate in modern-day Nigeria, Cherokee Nation, Zulu Kingdom

Rebellions

Increasing discontent with imperial rule led to rebellions, some of which were influenced by religious ideas.

Rebellions Examples

Ghost Dance in the U.S., Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement in Southern Africa, Mahdist wars in Sudan

Humans and the Environments (ENV)

The environment shapes human societies, and as populations grow and change, these populations in turn shape their environments.

Global Economic Development

The need for raw materials for factories and increased food supplies for the growing population in urban centers led to the growth of export economies around the world that specialized in commercial extraction of natural resources and the production of food and industrial crops. The profits from these raw materials were used to purchase finished goods.

Resource export economies

Cotton production in Egypt, Rubber extraction in the Amazon and the Congo basin, The palm oil trade in West Africa, The guano industries in Peru and Chile, Meat from Argentina and Uruguay, Diamonds from Africa

Economics Systems (ECN)

As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services.

Economic Imperialism

Industrialized states and businesses within those states practiced economic imperialism primarily in Asia and Latin America.

Industrialized states practicing economic imperialism

Britain and France expanding their influence in China through the Opium Wars, The construction of the Port of Buenos Aires with the support of British firms

Commodities that contributed to European and American economic advantage

Cotton grown in South Asia and Egypt and exported to Great Britain and other European countries, Opium produced in the Middle East or South Asia and exported to China, Palm oil produced in sub-Saharan Africa and exported to European countries, Copper extracted in Chile

Trade in commodities

Trade in some commodities was organized in a way that gave merchants and companies based in Europe and the U.S. a distinct economic advantage.

Causes of Migration in an Interconnected World

Migration in many cases was influenced by changes in demographics in both industrialized and unindustrialized societies that presented challenges to existing patterns of living.

Return of migrants Examples

Japanese agricultural workers in the Pacific, Lebanese merchants in the Americas, Italian industrial workers in Argentina

Migrants Examples

Irish to the United States, British engineers and geologists to South Asia and Africa

Coerced and semicoerced labor migration

The new global capitalist economy continued to rely on coerced and semicoerced labor migration, including slavery, Chinese and Indian indentured servitude, and convict labor.

Social Interactions and Organization (SIO)

The process by which societies group their members and the norms that govern the interactions between these groups and between individuals influence political, economic, and cultural institutions and organization.

Effects of Migration

Migrants tended to be male, leaving women to take on new roles in the home society that had been formerly occupied by men.

Migrant ethnic enclaves Examples

Migrant ethnic enclaves: Chinese in Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, South America, and North America, Indians in East and Southern Africa, the Caribbean, and Southeast Asia, Irish in North America, Italians in North and South America

Regulation of immigrants

Chinese Exclusion Act, White Australia policy

Effects of imperialism

The development of industrial capitalism led to increased standards of living for some, and to continued improvement in manufacturing methods that increased the availability, affordability, and variety of consumer goods.

Imperial Age

As states industrialized, they also expanded existing overseas empires and established new colonies and transoceanic relationships.

Causation in the Imperial Age

As a result of the emergence of transoceanic empires and a global capitalist economy, migration patterns changed dramatically, and the numbers of migrants increased significantly