RAT 1210 ANT UNIT 1-3 EXAM

Which phase of the somatic cell cycle are ribonucleic acid and proteins synthesized

G1

An adenocarcinoma of the prostate would have a tissue origin of

glandular epithelial

Oteosarcomas occur more frequently in the

metaphysis of the long bone

DNA is synthesized during the ___________ phase of the somatic cell cycle

S

Which of the following structures is responsible for adenosine triphophate, which is a source of energy for intracellular metabolism

mitochondria

Meiosis is different from mitosis in that

Meiosis is how germ cells differentiate

The knoblike portions located at either end of the long bone are called the

Epiphysis

Which phase is it when the chromatids are aligned in the center

methaphase

The part of the bone anatomy that plays a role in the metastic spread of cancer is the

periosteum

The bone forming cells of the skeletal system are the

osteoblasts

The joint at the thumb is called

synovial joint or a saddle joint

Which of the following organs is an exocrine gland

salivary

Which organelle, when activated by radiation, is thought to be one if the mechanisms by which radiation kills cells.

Lysosomes

Benign connective tissue smooth muscle neoplasms are classified as

leiomymoma

The chronologically correct order of the somatic cell cycle is

Gap1, Synthesis, Gap2, and Mitosis

Where is the medullary cavity located

The endocrine gland responsible for the production of adrenaline is the

adrenal gland

Of the four major types of tissue in the human body, which of the following is the most resist to radiation

nerve tissue

Which structure is important in the storage and management of intracellular substance

golgi apparatus

The two divisions of the somatic cell cycle are

interphase, mitosis

germ cells undergo

meiosis

Somatic cells undergo

mitosis

Program cell death is called

apoptosis

How does cancer start

with one cell that starts growing and dividing out of control

The guardian angel gene is called

P53

This is the cells control center. It is where DNA is located. And is where radiation is aimed at?

Nucleus

All cells are surrounded by

plasma membrane

What is a radiation therapist responsible for

for knowing the functions of the organelles and nucleus as this plays a role in radiation protection, patient outcome, and how cancer grows

Protoplasma (cytoplasm) contains mostly 70-85% of

water

Water aids in protecting the cell from

drastic temperature changes

A cell life is impossible without the presences of

Na and K

What are the organic compound in a cell

protein(15%), carbohydrate, nucleic acid , and lipids

Has an amino acid component. Its primary function is basic cell building block, Examples are insulin albumin, and hemoglobin

protein

Has carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen as a component. Provides energy fir cellular functions. Examples are starch, glycogen, lactose, and sucrose

carbohydrate

Has a component of sugar and phosphate. Directs cellular information to transmit genetic info and protein synthesis. Example DNA and RNA

Nucleic acid

Componets differ. This is where energy is stored and protection is provided. Examples are cholesterol and steroids

Lipid

What is the splitting of a water molecule called

radiolysis

What will happen if the plasma membrane is ruptured

death

This is between the nucleus and outer cell wall membrane, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough), ribosomes, golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, lysomes, and mitochondria

Cytoplasm

This organelle is woven throughout the cytoplasm. It is continuous with the nuclear membrane, houses the ribosomes

endoplasmic reticulum

What is the difference between smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum

rough endoplasmic reticulum have ribosomes on them

What is synthesis?

when two or more elements or compounds combine to make a more complex substance

Ribosomes are responsible for

protein synthesis

This is where specific enzymes are harbored. These enzymes facilitate certain metabolic processes

peroxisomes

One of the initial theories concerning the mechanism by radiation kills cells.

intracellular digestion

formed in the golgi apparatus

digest bacteria and other substances that enter the cell

under normal conditions the enzymes are safely confined

Lysosomes

This is the main target within the cell from radiation exposure (radiation therapy) because it contains:

DNA(Genes and chromosomes)

Directs cellular metabolism

contains one or more nucleoli

malfunction of nucleoli can be the cause for several human cancer

the nucleus

This is a double lipid layer. The outer membrane is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum while the inner nuclear membrane is the primary residence of several inner nuclear membrane proteins.

Nuclear membrane (nuclear envelope)

What are the cellular division

meiosis

mitosis

What are the 2 divisions in the somatic cell cycle

interphase

mitosis

G1, Synthesis, G2 are the

3 divisions of interphase

What are the phases of mitosis?

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Somatic Cell Cycle

Cell growth replication of chromosomes cell not actively dividing

Interphase

The chromatin condense into vesible chromosome . chromatids become attached at the centromeres . spindle fibers appear, the nucleus and nuclear envelope disappear

Prophase

Spindle fibers attach to each chromatid align

Metaphase

Centromeres break apart. Chromosomes move away

Anaphase

The nuclear envelope and both nuclei appear. The cytoplasm and organelle divide. Division complete

Telophase

Two daughter cells are formed each with 46 chromosomes

Cytokinesis

G0 phase

A nondividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle, sometimes reversibly.

G1 phase

The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins.

When the process of cellular division stops and the cell does not divide further, this usually occurs at what point?

Late G1 phase

S phase

The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.

Most radio sensitive or least radioresistant

Late G and mitosis

most radio resistant part of cell cycle or least radio sensative

S

ring formation

single chromatid's ends unite to form ring

What are the four major tissues

epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve

Epithelial tissue is

radio sensitive

This tissue lines the cavities and surface structure throughout the body

Epithelial epithelium

What are the 3 type of epithelial tissue

Squamous epithelium

cuboidal epithelium

columnar epithelium

Which cancer originated from epithelium

carcinomas

Where do squamous cell carcinomas originate from

the lining of organs

Where do adenocarcinomas arise from?

epithelial cells that are glandular

This tissue connects, supports or separates different types of tissues. This is found everywhere in the body except the central nervous system

connective tissue

Connective tissue is found in

adipose tissue

cartilage

bone

blood

Which type of cancers are connective tissue cancers

sarcomas

Sarcomas arise from

mesenchymal cells

Mesenchymal cells develop into distinct tissue

bone

tendons

muscle

adipose

cartilage

nerve

blood and blood vessels

Which tissue are responsible for changing and maintaining posture and movement of internal organs

muscular tissue

What are the three types of muscular tissue

skeletal (voluntary movement)

cardiac (involuntary movement myocardium)

smooth (involuntary movement, internal organs)

What is the main component of the two parts of the nervous system

nerve tissue

Central nervous system contains

brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system

branching nerves that control bodily functions and activities

Nerve tissue is composed of

of neurons & connective tissue cells that are referred to as neuroglia

Benign: Expanding, Pushing

Malignant: Infiltrative and invasive

What is its characteristic

local spread

Benign: Rare

Malignant: Metastasize early or late by lymphatics, blood, or seeding

What is its characteristic

Distant spread

Benign- well-differentiated cells in one mass

Malignant- well differentiated to undifferentiated

What is its characteristic

differentiation

Benign: normal

Malignant: normal to increased mitotic rate

what is its characteristic

mitotic activity

Benign: Normal

Malignant: normal to pleomorphic

What is its characteristics

morphology

Benign: Little(depending in treatment and location of tumor)

Malignant: Life-threatening

What is its characteristics

effect on host

Benign: Normal

Malignant: Normal to accelerated

What is its characteristics

doubling time

Tissue origin: Glandular Epithelium

Benign: Adenoma

Malignant: Adenocarcinoma

Tissue of origin: Squamous epithelium

Benign: Papilloma

Maligant: Squamous cell carcinoma

Tissue of origin: connective tissue smooth muscle

Benign: Leiomyoma

Maligant: Leiomyosarcoma

Tissue of origin: hemtaopoletic

Benign: none

Malignant: Leukemia

Tissue or origin: Lymohireticular

Benign: none

Malignant: Lymphoma

Tissue of origin: neural

Benign: Neuroma

Malignant: Blastoma

What are the sites for squamous cell carcinoma

Oral Cavity

Pharynx

Lung

Anus

Cervix

What are the sited for adenocarcinoma

colon/ rectum

endometrium

prostate

What site is infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC) located

Breast

What site is astrocytoma located

brain