Exam 2 - Theories and Techniques of Counseling

A person can live any _____ if they have a _______

how, why

What existential therapist said "a person can live with any how if they have a why?"

Nietzsche said it, Frankl used it

VIP of Person Centered who proposed CLIENT centered therapy and remarks that people are capable of self-directed growth

Carl Rogers

Known as the father of psychotherapy

Carl Rogers

Base level of the hierarchy of needs

Physiological

Second tier (from bottom) of hierarchy of needs

Safety

Third tier (from bottom) of hierarchy of needs

Love and Belonging

Fourth tier (from bottom) of hierarchy of needs

Esteem

Top tier of hierarchy of needs

Self-Actualization

What is congruence?

implies that therapists are real (genuine, integrated, authentic)

What is accurate empathetic understanding?

Understand clients' experience and feelings sensitively and accurately. Accurate empathy implies the therapist will sense clients' feelings as if they were them without becoming lost in those feelings; a cornerstone for the person-centered approach

What are the expressive arts?

Things like art, dance, music, drama, and writing, which can be used in educational or therapeutic settings to foster creativity, emotional expression, and personal growth.

What is motivational interviewing?

To experience client world (reflect, listen, empathy); discrepancies, ambivalence, and change talk; internal motivation, reluctance, and change readiness; client self-efficacy and resources; change plan, experimenting, readiness

Why is Person Centered considered non-directive?

Empowers the client to lead the process

They are capable to grow on their own; therapist is facilliator

Again, therapist uses unconditional positive regard, empathy and geniuneness

What is holism?

the full range of human functioning includes thoughts, feelings, behaviors, body, language and dreams

What is field theory?

the field is the client's environment which consists of therapist and client and all that goes on b/n

Client is a participant in a constantly changing field

What is figure ground?

"the brain's tendency to instinctively separate a visual field into the main object (the figure) and its background (the ground)"

(notes) how an individual organizes experiences from moment to moment

Foreground: figure

Background: ground

What is unfinished business?

feelings from the past that are not fully experienced linger in the background and interfere with effective contact

What is organismic self-regulation?

emergence of need sensations and interest disturb an individual's equilibrium

What is contact?

interacting with nature and with other people without losing one's individuality

What is "empty chair"?

empty chair is the person/situation/etc that the client wants to address; faces it and talks to it; the therapist might have the client switch positions

gaining insight

type of role play

What is focusing on the present?

Emphasizing that our power is in the present

What is "I/Thou"?

refers to the relationship between the therapist and client; personal, client is seen as a person and not an "it"

What is "What/How"?

questions for the now issues, not asking why

What is "Here/Now"?

focus on present moment and experiences

What is classical conditioning?

UCS being paired with CS; over time, the pairing results in the CS producing the same response as the UCS - conditioning process

Example of positive reinforcement

Applauding victorious vball team

Example of positive punishment

Spanking a child

Example of negative punishment

Time-out for a child

Example of negative reinforcement

Using an umbrella in the rain

What is systematic desensitization?

slowly getting closer to the phobia in order to overcome it

What is in-vivo and imaginal flooding?

assignments designed to encourage clients to dispute their irrational ideas behaviorally, always involving degree of risk since clients often asked to do what they fear most

What is reinforcement?

doing things to reinforce the behavior; reinforced behavior is repeated

Examples of irrational beliefs

Two most common bases of belief involve - approval and perfection

Being loved and approached by all is needed for happiness and fulfillment

To be worthwhile, one should be high achieving in everything possible

It I awful when things do not happen the way I think they should

My past will always determine my future

There is always a perfect solution

What is discounting?

rejecting positive experiences by insisting that they 'don't count'

What is emotional reasoning?

assuming that negative emotions really reflect the way things really are

What is all-or-nothing thinking?

if i don't get a raise, I may as well declare bankruptcy

What is magnification?

had lipstick on my teeth through that entire meal. He'll never ask me out again. The date was ruined.

What is discounting/overgeneralization?

Anybody would have helped that lost child

What is self-blame?

if only I hadn't given him the keys to the car, he wouldn't have had the accident

What is dichotomous thinking?

when people see things in absolute, black-and-white terms

Good or bad; success or total failure; no gray area

What is magnification?

exaggerating the importance of negative events while downplaying positive ones

What is awfulization/catastrophizing?

type of cognitive distortion where a person anticipates the worst possible outcome of a situation

What is musturbation?

when we tell ourselves that we must do things