plant study guide

Photosynthesis Chemical Equation

6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2

Photosynthesis in Word Form

6 carbon dioxides + 6 waters + sunlight → glucose + 6 oxygen

Light-Dependent Reactions Location

Thylakoids

Light-Dependent Reactions Produce

ATP and NADPH

Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle) Location

Stroma

Light-Independent Reactions Convert

CO2 into glucose

Factors Affecting Photosynthesis

Light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, temperature.

Haploid Stage in Plants

Gametophyte

Diploid Stage in Plants

Sporophyte

Structures Produced in Gametophyte

Gametes

Structures Produced in Sporophyte

Spores

Requirements for Plant Survival

Sunlight, water, air, nutrients from soil.

Origin of Early Plants

Evolved from green algae.

Water Dependency of Early Plants

Needed for reproduction and nutrient absorption.

Types of Nonvascular Plants

Mosses, liverworts, hornworts.

Characteristic of Nonvascular Plants

No vascular system; small size; require moisture.

Human Uses of Nonvascular Plants

Fuel, medicine, soil conditioners.

Adaptations of Seedless Vascular Plants

True roots, vascular system (xylem and phloem), lignin.

Types of Seedless Vascular Plants

Club mosses, horsetails, ferns.

Dominant Stage in Mosses

Gametophyte

Dominant Stage in Ferns

Sporophyte

Reproduction Differences in Ferns and Mosses

Ferns have vascular tissue; mosses do not.

Structures That Produce Spores in Ferns

Sori on the underside of fronds.

Adaptations for Drier Environments in Seed Plants

Production of seeds and pollen.

Definition of Pollen Grain

Male gametophyte.

Types of Gymnosperms

Conifers (e.g., pines), ginkgoes, cycads, gnetophytes.

Reproductive Adaptations in Angiosperms

Flowers and fruits for pollination and seed protection.

Types of Angiosperms

Monocots (e.g., grasses) and dicots (e.g., roses).

Life Cycle of Annual Plants

Complete in one year.

Life Cycle of Biennial Plants

Takes two years.

Life Cycle of Perennial Plants

Lives more than two years.

Characteristics of Mosses

Non-seed plants, nonvascular, dominant gametophyte stage.

Characteristics of Ferns

Vascular plants, dominant sporophyte stage.

Characteristics of Gymnosperms

Seed plants with naked seeds.

Characteristics of Angiosperms

Seed plants with seeds enclosed in fruits.

Contribution of Flowers and Fruits to Angiosperms

Facilitated efficient pollination and seed dispersal.