plant study guide

1. Know the chemical equation in both symbol and word form
   6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

6 carbon dioxides + 6 waters +sunlight -> glucose + 6 oxygen

2. Know what is needed and what is produced in both the light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle).

The light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoids and convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH, which are then used in the light-independent reactions.  The light-independent reactions occur in the stroma of the chloroplast and convert carbon dioxide into glucose. 

3. Know the three factors that affect photosynthesis.

Light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, and temperature.

2. Introduction to plants

   1. Know the terms for each phase of alternation of generations in plants. Which stage is haploid/diploid and what are the structures that are produced

2. Know the four things that all plants need to be able to do to survive.

all plants require sunlight, water, air, and nutrients from the soil.

3. Where did the early plants come from?

Green Algae

4. Review the plant structure notes (functions of roots, stems, flowers) and pay attention to functions/parts such as guard cells/stomata, floral parts, parts of a leaf, and types of roots

3. Nonvascular Plants

   1. Know that plants needed to conserve water to survive on land. However, be able to answer why early plants were still dependent on water?

For sexual reporidction and absorbing nutrients 

2. What are three types of nonvascular plants and what are some characteristics of each?

Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

3. What are some human uses of nonvascular plants?

Fuel, medicine, and as soil conditioners

4. Seedless Vascular Plants

   1. What major adaptations did the seedless vascular plants have that made them different from the nonvascular plants?

Vascular plants have true roots, a vascular system (xylem and phloem) for efficient water and nutrient transport, and lignin for structural support.

2. What are three types of seedless vascular plants and what are some characteristics of each?

Three types of seedless vascular plants are club mosses, horsetails, and ferns. They have horsetails having jointed stems, and ferns have large leaves called fronds, reproduce via spores instead of seeds.

3. Which stages are the dominant stages in mosses and ferns?

In mosses, the gametophyte stage is dominant, while in ferns, the sporophyte stage is dominant.

4. How is reproduction different in ferns than in mosses? 

5. What are the structures that produce spores in ferns and where are they usually located?

Ferns have a dominant sporophyte stage, while mosses have a dominant gametophyte stage, and ferns have vascular tissue, whereas mosses do no

5. Gymnosperms

   1. What are two adaptations that seed plants have for adapting to life in drier environments?

The production of seeds and pollen make life easier for plants. 

2. What is a pollen grain? How is pollen carried from one flower/cone to another flower/cone?

3. What is a seed?.

4. What are four types of Gymnosperms and what are some characteristics of each? List one example of each.

6. Angiosperms

   1. What reproductive adaptations of Angiosperms make them different from gymnosperms and describe those adaptations.

   2. What are two types of Angiosperms and how are they characteristically different?

Monocots and Dicots, distinguished primarily by the number of cotyledons (seed leaves) in the embryo

3. What are the differences among annual, biennial, and perennial plants?

Annual plants complete their life cycle in one year, biennials take two years, and perennials live for more than two years, with many returning year after year.

9. Possible Essay Question

   1. What are the characteristics separating each group of plants we discussed in class? (mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms)

mosses and ferns are non-seed plants, while gymnosperms and angiosperms are seed plants; ferns are vascular, while mosses are not; gymnosperms have naked seeds, and angiosperms have seeds enclosed in fruits

2. How did flowers and fruits contribute to Angiosperms becoming the dominant land plant throughout history?

Flowers and fruits significantly contributed to the dominance of angiosperms by facilitating efficient pollination and seed dispersal, leading to rapid adaptation and diversification, and ultimately, ecological dominance

1. Photosynthesis

   • Chemical Equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2

   • Word Form: 6 carbon dioxides + 6 waters + sunlight → glucose + 6 oxygen

   • Requirements: Light-dependent reactions (in thylakoids) produce ATP and NADPH; light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle in stroma) convert CO2 into glucose.

   • Factors Affecting Photosynthesis: Light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, temperature.

2. Alternation of Generations

   • Stages: Haploid (gametophyte) and diploid (sporophyte).

   • Structures Produced: Gametes in gametophyte; spores in sporophyte.

3. Plant Requirements for Survival

   • Essentials: Sunlight, water, air, nutrients from soil.

   • Origin of Early Plants: Evolved from green algae.

4. Nonvascular Plants

   • Water Dependency: Needed for reproduction and nutrient absorption.

   • Types: Mosses, liverworts, hornworts.

   • Characteristics: No vascular system; small size; require moisture for survival.

   • Human Uses: Fuel, medicine, soil conditioners.

5. Seedless Vascular Plants

   • Adaptations: True roots, vascular system (xylem and phloem), lignin for structural support.

   • Types: Club mosses, horsetails, ferns.

     • Characteristics: Club mosses - small, spore-producing; horsetails - jointed stems; ferns - large fronds, reproduce via spores.

   • Dominance in Stages: Mosses - dominant gametophyte; ferns - dominant sporophyte.

   • Reproduction Difference: Ferns have vascular tissue and spores produced in structures called sori located on the underside of fronds.

6. Gymnosperms

   • Adaptations for Drier Environments: Seeds and pollen help with reproduction and survival in dry conditions.

   • Pollen Grain: Male gametophyte; carried by wind or animals between cones.

   • Seed Definition: A fertilized ovule containing an embryo plant and stored food.

   • Types: Conifers (e.g., pines), ginkgoes, cycads, gnetophytes.

7. Angiosperms

   • Reproductive Adaptations: Flowers and fruit for pollination and seed protection.

   • Types: Monocots (e.g., grasses) and dicots (e.g., roses), distinguished by cotyledon number.

   • Life Cycle Differences: Annual (1 year), biennial (2 years), perennial (more than 2 years).

8. Characteristics of Plant Groups

   • Mosses and Ferns: Non-seed plants; mosses - nonvascular, gametophyte dominant; ferns - vascular, sporophyte dominant.

   • Gymnosperms vs. Angiosperms: Gymnosperms have naked seeds, angiosperms have seeds enclosed in fruits.

   • Evolution of Angiosperms: Flowers and fruits enhanced pollination and seed dispersal, contributing to ecological dominance.