Insect Sensory Systems

What are the 5 types of environmental stimuli

touch, sound, heat, smell, light

touch is a _ stimuli

mechanical

sound is a _ stimuli

mechanical

heat is a _ stimuli

thermal

smell is a _ stimuli

chemical

light is a _ stimuli

visual

what are the two types of touch mechanical receptors?

trichoid sensilla and proprioceptor

trichoid sensilla are:

hair-like cuticular projections

what are the 3 parts of trichoid sensilla:

trichogen cell, tormogen cell, sensory neuron

dendrite of sensory neuron

trichogen cell

tormogen cell

sensory neuron

hair-like cuticular projections involved in touch are:

trichoid sensilla

in trichoid sensilla, the trichogen cell:

grows the hair

in trichoid sensilla, the tormogen cells acts as the:

socket

in trichoid sensilla, the sensory neuron dendrite:

extends into the hair

what part of trichoid sensilla grows the hair?

trichogen cell

what part of trichoid sensilla acts as the socket?

tormogen cells

when trichoid sensilla are moved, they send a _to the brain, _

impulse, indicating movement

sensilla differ in their _

sensitivity

proprioceptors are used to detect:

self-positioning

proprioceptors are associated with:

joints, muscles, cuticle

propriorecepts function by:

sensilla on plate rubbing against another part of the body

sound is mainly used for what 2 functions?

find a mate and detect predators

the two main forms of sound reception are:

non-tympanal and tympanal

non-tympanal detects sound through:

specialized sensory hair

why are the trichoid sensilla on the cersi of this cricket different lengths?

to detect different frequencies

what is an example of a chordotonal organ?

Johnston’s organ

chordotonal organs are composed of:

scolopidia

scolopidia make up:

chordotonal organs

scolopidia, making up chordotonal organs, are composed of what 2 types of cells:

cap and scolopale

what is this portion of the scolopidium (making up chordotonal organs) called?

cap cell

what is this portion of the scolopidium (making up chordotonal organs) called?

scolopale cell

what is this portion of the scolopidium (making up chordotonal organs) called?

sensory neuron

the cap cell in scolopidia act similar to a:

tympanum

the scolopale cell in scolopidia:

house the dendrite of a nerve cell

the subgenual organ detects:

substrate vibrations

where is the subgenual organ located?

hemocoel of the tibia

subgenual organ

where is the johnston’s organ located?

pedicel of antennae

tympanal sound reception involves:

specialized proprioceptors

define tympanum

cuticular membrane that vibrates from airborne vibrations

what is like an ear

tympanum

sound enters through the _ and is amplified in the _

acoustic spiracle, acoustic trachea

sound enters the _ where it vibrates the _

tibia, tympanum

tibia

acoustic trachea

acoustic spiracle

tympanal organ

specialized proprioceptors make up:

tympanal sound reception

what may allow for directional hearing?

slits in the tympanic cavity

vibrations are detected by what 3 chordontal organs?

subgenual organ, intermediate organ, crista acustica

subgenual organ

intermediate organ

sensory cells of crista acustica

what are the two types of sound production?

stridulation and tymbal

stridulation creates sound by:

file and scraper

scraper

file

what sound is created by a file and scraper mechaism?

stridulation

the tymbal creates sound when:

an elastic cuticle deforms

tymbal

elastic cuticles deforming creates what type of sound?

tymbal

thermal pits

there are thermal receptors in:

antennae, legs, pits

insects are temperature conformers, aka _

poikilothermic

ectothermic behaviors include:

sun basking and stilting

an endothermic behavior is:

flight

surface are to volume ratio impacts:

thermal regulation

insect generally gain and lose heat easily because of their:

large surface area and small volume

taste occurs with:

physical contact

receptors for taste are found in:

mouthparts, ovipositors, antennae, tarsi

receptors for taste in ovipositors are used to:

determine adequate substrate

receptors for taste in tarsi are used to:

cue feeding response

smell is detected through:

air

sensilla are:

chemoreceptors

sensilla can be _ or _

uniporous, multiprous

uniporous sensill are used for _, while mutiporous sensilla are used for _

taste, olfaction

multipored sensillum on the antenna include what 3 cells:

trichogen cell, tormogen cell, sensory neuron

what is shown on this diagram of multipored sensillum on the antenna?

trichogen cell

what is shown on this diagram of multipored sensillum on the antenna?

sensory neurons

what is shown on this diagram of multipored sensillum on the antenna?

tormogen cell

what is shown on this diagram of multipored sensillum on the antenna?

dendrites

describe the general function of sensilla on the antennal flagellum

chemical odorant enters pore, binds with olfaction binding proteins, interacts with chemical-specific receptors, then if chemical is a match it induces a signal and fires the nerve

why do dendrite have different types of sensilla?

to respond to different chemicals

what are two ways that scientists can determine what chemicals insects respond to?

electroantennogram and single-sensillum recording

what does an electroantennogram measure?

electrical response for an entire antenna to a particular volatile compound

single-sensillum recording allows you to:

record the response of a single sensillum to a volatile chemical

what are pheromones?

chemicals produced by insects for attracting other insects

what are 5 types of pheromones?

sex, aggregation, spacing, trail-marking, warning

kairomones have what effects?

producer (-), receiver (+)

an example of a kairomone:

predator hijacks a producers signal

Allomones have what effects?

producer (+), receiver (neutral)

an example of an allomone:

producer telling predators “I don’t taste good”

synomones have what effects?

producer (+), receiver (+)

an example of a synomone:

plant producing pheromone to attract predators of parasites

pheromone with producer (-) and receiver (+) effects:

kairomone

pheromone with producer (+) and receiver (neutral) effects:

allomone

pheromone with producer (+) and receiver (+) effects:

synomone