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Why are nutrients essential for the body?
They are necessary for energy, growth and repair of cells, and chemical production for metabolic reactions.
What are the four major types of biomolecules?
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids.
What elements make up carbohydrates?
Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O).
What is the general formula for carbohydrates?
Cx(H2O)y.
What is a monosaccharide?
A single sugar molecule that is soluble in water, e.g., glucose and fructose.
What distinguishes disaccharides from monosaccharides?
Disaccharides are composed of two monosaccharides and are also soluble and sweet.
What is the role of polysaccharides in plants?
They provide structural support, e.g., cellulose in plant cell walls.
What indicates the presence of starch in a food sample?
A blue-black color change when iodine solution is added.
What is the procedure to test for reducing sugars?
Add Benedict's reagent to the sample, heat in a water bath, and look for color changes from blue to red/yellow.
What are the main elements found in lipids?
Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O).
What is the structure of triglycerides?
They are composed of glycerol and three fatty acids.
What roles do lipids play in the body?
They serve as a structural role for membranes and as stored energy.
How is the presence of lipids tested?
Using brown paper, which will show a permanent translucent stain.
What elements comprise proteins?
Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), and may also include Sulfur (S) and Phosphorus (P).
What is the significance of vitamin C?
It is essential for connective tissue maintenance, growth, and immune function.
What is the role of Vitamin D?
It aids in the absorption of calcium.
What differentiates anabolic from catabolic reactions?
Anabolic reactions synthesize larger molecules from smaller ones while catabolic reactions break down large molecules into smaller ones.
Why is water important for organisms?
It serves as a medium for metabolic reactions, a transport medium, and a habitat for various organisms.
What are trace elements found in food?
Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), and Zinc (Zn).
What are vitamins?
Organic compounds that are essential for normal growth and nutrition, usually required in small amounts.
What are macromolecules?
Large molecules composed of thousands of atoms, including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
What is the function of enzymes?
Biological catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions by lowering activation energy.
What are essential amino acids?
Nine amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained through diet.
What is the function of RNA?
Ribonucleic acid that plays a crucial role in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes.
What is the significance of dietary fiber?
It aids in digestion, helps regulate blood sugar levels, and lowers cholesterol.
What is dehydration synthesis?
A chemical reaction that builds up molecules by removing water molecules.
What is hydrolysis?
A chemical reaction that breaks down compounds by adding water.
What are saturated fats?
Fats that have no double bonds between carbon atoms, leading to a higher number of hydrogen atoms.
What are unsaturated fats?
Fats that have one or more double bonds in the fatty acid chains, typically liquid at room temperature.
What are the primary functions of carbohydrates in the body?
To provide energy, store energy, and support cellular structure.
What is the difference between simple and complex carbohydrates?
Simple carbohydrates consist of one or two sugar molecules, while complex carbohydrates are made up of long chains of sugar molecules.
What is the role of proteins in the body?
Proteins serve as building blocks for muscles, tissues, enzymes, and hormones.
What is the function of nucleic acids?
Nucleic acids, like DNA and RNA, store and transfer genetic information.
What are some sources of dietary fiber?
Fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes.
Why are essential fatty acids important?
They are crucial for brain function, cell growth, and the production of hormones.
What happens during the process of glycolysis?
Glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm to produce energy in the form of ATP.
What are antioxidants?
Molecules that protect cells from oxidative damage by neutralizing free radicals.
What defines a micronutrient?
Vitamins and minerals needed in small quantities for proper body function.
What is the significance of water in the body?
Water aids in digestion, nutrient absorption, temperature regulation, and waste elimination.
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