unit 6 biology

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as cell divides to form gametes

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22 Terms

1

as cell divides to form gametes

  • copies of the genetic info are made

  • cell divides twice to form 4 games, each with a single set of chromosomes

  • all gametes, are genetically identical from each other

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2

negative affects of GM

  • effect on the populations of wild flowers and insects, potentially reduce farmland biodiversity

  • some feel the effects of eating GM crops in human health, haven’t been fully explored

  • Gm crops are infertile, genes could spread to wild plants, leading to infertility in other species

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3

mutations

base substitue, change one amino acids in the sequence, or change none, could code for the same amino acid

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4

genotype

the combination of alleles an individual has

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5

phenotype

the physical characteristics that are observed in the individual

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6

allele

different forms of the gene

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7

DNA

four different nucleotide, order of bases control the order in which

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8

mixture of asexual and sexual reproduction

  • malaria parasites reproduce by spores, and sexually to give variation,

  • many plant produce seeds sexually, but also reproduce asexually by runners such as strawberry plants or bulbs, daffodils

  • many fungi reproduce asexually by reports, or sexually to give variation

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9

adrenaline

  • adrenal glands

  • respiratory and circulatory system

  • increase heart and breathing rate flow of blood to muscles, conversion to glycogen to glucose

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10

ember screening

  • IVF, remove cell from each embryo, analyse its genes, detect genetic disorders, bad alleles would by destroyed

  • get DNA from embryo in womb and test for disorder

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11

evolution

  • occurs due to mutation

  • mutations occur, provide variation

  • if mutations provides advantage, the organism is more like to survive to breeding age

  • mutations wil then be passed into offspring

  • over many generations, frequency of mutations will increase within the population

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12

speciation

so different that they can no longer interbreed to produce fertile offspring, new species

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13

relay neurone

in the spinal cord

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14

benefits of cloning

  • understanding which genes are linked to inherited diseases and can lead to treatment,

  • search for genes linked to different types of diseases

  • use to trace migration patterns from the past

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15

genome

is the entire genitic material of that organism

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16

evolution

  • change in the inherited characteristic of a population over time through a process of natural selection, may result in the formation of a new species

    • organisms in a species show wide range of variation

    • most suited, more likely to survive to breeding age

    • characteristic then passed on

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17

mendel

  • mid 19th century

  • carried out breeding experiments on plants

  • observation, the inheritance of each characteristic is determined by units that are passed on to descendants

    • used Smoot, wrinkedl, green and yellow peas, observed offspring to see which characteristic they inherited

    • determined by hereditary units, one from each plant, passed onto offspring unchanged, dominate or recessive and cannot be mixed together

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18

problems with mutations

  • occur continuously, most don’t alter protein or only slightly,

  • few, code for an altered protein with a different shape, enzyme may no longer fit substrate binding site or structural protein may lose its strength, useless at providing structure and support now

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19

evolutionary trees

  • method sued by scientists to show how they believe organisms are related

  • use current classification data for living organisms and fossil data for extinct organisms

    • as evidence of internal strcuurree more developed due to improvements in microscopes and understanding of biochemical processes progressed, new models of classification were proposed

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20

fosils

  • from parts of organisms that haven’t decayed because one or more of the conditions are absent

  • when parts of the organism are replaced by minerals as they decay

  • as preserved traces of organisms, such as footprints, burrows and rootlet traces

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21

coding

determined the protein and their activite

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22

non coding

determines which genes are expressed, switch genes on and off

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