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Balance of power
Condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries.
Berlin Conference
A conference regulating European colonization and trade in Africa, held in Berlin, Germany in 1884. It resulted in the "Scramble for Africa," and the subjugation of African nations.
Boundary
Invisible line that marks the extent of a state's territory.
Capital
A town or city that is the official seat of government in a political entity, such as a state or nation.
City-state
A sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland.
Civil divisions
Divisions that separate citizens.
Colonialism
Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.
Colony
A territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than completely independent.
Compact state
State in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly.
Core area
In a nation-state, the area constituted by the national heartland—the largest population cluster, productive region, the area with the greatest centrality and accessibility, probably containing the capital city as well.
Democratization
The process where a nation's government becomes democratic.
Devolution
The process by which regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government.
Elongated state
A state with a long, narrow shape.
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
a sea zone over which a state has special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources stretching 200 nautical miles from the coast.
Fragmented state
A state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory.
Federal state
An internal organization of a state that allocates most powers to units of local government.
Frontier
A zone separating two states in which neither exercises political control.
Gerrymandering
Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.
High seas
The open waters of an ocean or a sea beyond the limits of the territorial jurisdiction of a country.
Imperialism
Control of a territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous group.
Irredentism
A movement to reunite a nation's homeland when part of it is contained within another state. The piece of homeland that is ruled by the other state is known as an irredenta.
Landlocked state
A state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea.
Microstate
A state that encompasses a very small land area.
Multinational state
A state containing two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities
Nation
A group of people with a shared cultural identity or a set of cultural characteristics.
Nation-state
A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality.
Perforated state
A state that completely surrounds another one.
Prorupt stat
An otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension.
Sovereignty
Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states.
State
An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs.
Stateless nation
Nation that does not have a state
Supranational organizations
A venture involving three or more nation-states involving political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives. The European Union is one such organization.
Territorial waters
The area of sea around a country's coast recognized as being under that country's jurisdiction, set at 12 nautical miles in 1982.
Territoriality
A country's or more local community's sense of property and attachment toward its territory, as expressed by its determination to keep it inviolable and strongly defended.
Terrorism
The calculated use or threatening of violence against civilians in order to attain goals that are political or religious or ideological in nature.
Unitary state
An internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials.
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
A code of maritime law approved by the United Nations in 1982 that authorized territorial waters to extend 12 nautical miles from shore and a country's EEZ to extend 200 nautical miles.
United Nations
The world's preeminent supranational organization, a world governing body enforcing the upkeep of peace and basic human rights worldwide.
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