BIO 102 Exam 1

What is an endosymbiont?

An organism that lives within the cells of another organism, forming a symbiotic relationship.

Which protist group can help sequester (take in) Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and store it in large numbers?

Diatoms, a type of photosynthetic protists.

Define photoautotroph

An organism that uses light energy to produce its own food through photosynthesis.

Define heterotroph

An organism that obtains its energy by consuming organic substances produced by other organisms.

What are plankton

Microscopic organisms that drift or float in aquatic environments.

Define blooms

Rapid and excessive growth of certain protists, leading to a visible increase in their population in a specific area.

Define spore

a typically one-celled reproductive unit, often environmentally resistant, capable of giving rise to a new individual without sexual fusion, characteristic of lower plants, fungi, and protozoans.

What is the nephron

The functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood, reabsorbing essential substances, and producing urine.

Define multinucleate cell

A eukaryotic cell with more than one nucleus, commonly found in some fungi and skeletal muscle cells.

What are some general characteristics of the Kingdom Protista?

Unicellular or simple multicellular eukaryotic organisms, cellular level of body organization, most reproduce asexually (but not all)

What does monophyletic mean?

A taxonomic group that includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants.

What does paraphyletic mean?

A taxonomic group that includes a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants.

What is interstitial fluid?

The fluid that surrounds and bathes cells in tissues, providing a medium for nutrient exchange.

What does polyphyletic mean?

A taxonomic group that includes multiple species with different common ancestors.

What are the 2 invertebrate chordates and why do we use the word invertebrates to describe them?

Lancelets and tunicates; they have a notochord, but it does not develop into a vertebral column.

What are the 5 criteria used for classifying animals into phyla?

1) Body Symmetry, 2) Level of organization 3) Coelom 4) Cell arrangement 5) Presence of a notochord.

What is cell arrangement?

The organization of cells into tissues and layers in the body plan of an organism.

What is body symmetry?

The arrangement of body parts around a central axis, determining the overall shape of an organism.

What are levels of organization?

The hierarchical arrangement of structural and functional components in an organism, including cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.

What is a coelom?

A fluid-filled body cavity between the digestive tract and the body wall, to surround and contain the digestive tract and other organs.

What is a notochord and its relation to classifying phyla?

A flexible rod-like structure providing support in the dorsal part of some animals, used as a criterion for classifying Chordates and Non-chordates.

Which phyla are acoelomates?

Porifera, Platyhelminthes, and Cnidaria.

How many phyla are there?

There are over 30 animal phyla, but there are 9 main types.

Define gastrulation

The process during embryonic development in which a blastula transforms into a gastrula.

What are germ layers?

Distinct layers of cells formed during gastrulation that give rise to different tissues and organs in the developing embryo.

Define ectoderm

The outermost germ layer, giving rise to the skin, nervous system, and other external structures.

Define endoderm

The innermost germ layer, forming the lining of the digestive and respiratory tracts.

Define mesoderm

The middle germ layer, giving rise to muscles, bones, blood vessels, and other internal organs.

Define diploblastic

Having two germ layers (ectoderm and endoderm).

Define triploblastic

Having three germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm).

Define cephalization

The concentration of sensory and neural structures at the anterior end (head) of an organism.

Define sessile

An organism that is permanently attached and does not move.

Define eumetazoan

Animals with true tissues.

Define bilaterian

Animals with bilateral symmetry, meaning they have a right and left side.

What are the 9 main phyla?

Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Mollusca, Annelida, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, Chordata.

What is an example of an animal in the phylum Porifera?

Sea Sponge

What are two examples of animals in the phylum Cnidaria?

Jellyfish and Coral

What are two examples of animals in the phylum Platyhelminthes?

Flatworm and Tapeworm

What are two examples of animals in the phylum Nematoda?

Roundworm and Hookworm

What are two examples of animals in the phylum Annelida?

Earthworm and Leech

What are two examples of animals in the phylum Arthropoda?

Millipedes and Spiders

What are two examples of animals in the phylum Mollusca?

Snail and Squid

What are two examples of animals in the phylum Echinodermata?

Starfish and Sea Urchin

What are two examples of animals in the phylum Chordata?

Salmon and Human

How do animals in the phylum Porifera feed?

Poriferans filter feed by pumping water through their bodies and extracting nutrients from particles.

What makes up the skeleton of animals in the phylum Porifera?

The skeleton of Poriferans is composed of spicules or spongin fibers.

What are the subphylum of Chordata?

The subphyla of Chordata are Vertebrata (vertebrates) and Urochordata (tunicates) and Cephalochordata (lancelets).

What are nematocysts?

Nematocysts are specialized organelles within cnidocytes that contain a coiled, thread-like structure used for prey capture or defense.

What are cnidocytes?

Cnidocytes are specialized cells in cnidarians that house nematocysts and are involved in capturing prey.

What are cnidocysts?

Cnidocysts are the same as nematocysts, referring to the stinging structures found in cnidocytes.

For the phylum Cnidaria, what is the exact mechanism of the stinging cells?

Cnidocytes, specialized cells, contain organelles called nematocysts that discharge a harpoon-like structure to inject toxins into prey or potential threats.

What are the two main parasite groups in phylum Platyhelminthes? How do they work?

Trematodes (flukes) and Cestodes (tapeworms). They absorb nutrients directly through their body surface from the host's digestive system.

Why is the phylum arthropoda so successful?

Arthropods are successful due to their exoskeleton, jointed appendages, and high adaptability to diverse environments.

What is a caecilian?

Caecilians are limbless, snake-like amphibians.

What are the 3 main types of mammals and what distinguishes them from one another?

The three types of mammals are monotremes (lay eggs), marsupials (give birth to relatively undeveloped live young), and placental mammals (give birth to well-developed live young after a longer internal gestation).

What is the amniotic egg and its function?

The amniotic egg is a type of egg with a protective shell, internal membranes, and a fluid-filled amniotic sac. It allows vertebrates to reproduce on land independently of water, providing a protected environment for the developing embryo.

Describe the tube feet in starfish (sea stars) and how they feed.

Tube feet in starfish are small, fluid-filled appendages with suction cups at their tips. They are used for locomotion, feeding, and respiration. Starfish use their tube feet to pry open bivalve shells and insert their stomach to digest prey externally.

What are all the characteristics that make an animal a chordate?

Chordates are characterized by having a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail at some stage of their development.

Define Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy: The study of the structure and organization of living organisms. Physiology: The study of the functions of living organisms and their parts.

Define tissues

Tissues are groups of cells with similar structure and specialized function.

Define neuroglial cells

Neuroglial cells, or glial cells, are non-neuronal cells that provide support, protection, and nutrition to neurons in the nervous system.

What is extracellular fluid and describe the 2 types given

Extracellular fluid is the fluid found outside cells. Two types are: Interstitial fluid: Surrounds cells within tissues. Plasma: The fluid component of blood.

What are the 4 tissue types in the body that every tissue can be classified into?

The four tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.

What are the 2 types of epithelium?

The two types of epithelium are surface and glandular.

What is dermatology?

Dermatology is the branch of medicine dealing with the skin and its diseases.

What are sudoriferous glands?

Sudoriferous glands are sweat glands that produce and secrete sweat.

What are sebaceous glands?

Sebaceous glands are oil glands that secrete sebum, an oily substance that lubricates the skin and hair.

What are mucous glands?

Mucous glands secrete mucin, a thick and slippery substance that forms mucus.

What are the 2 parts to the skin?

The skin has two layers: the epidermis (outer layer) and the dermis (inner layer).

What are the epidermal ridges?

Epidermal ridges are raised areas of the epidermis that increase grip in hands and feet through friction and act like tiny suction cups.

What type of tissue makes up the dermis?

The dermis is composed of connective tissue.

Define homeostasis

Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.

What is the difference between regulators and conformers?

Regulators actively maintain internal conditions, while conformers allow internal conditions to match external ones.

What is thermoregulation?

Thermoregulation is the process of maintaining a stable internal body temperature.

What is the difference between endothermic and ectothermic?

Endothermic organisms regulate their body temperature internally, while ectothermic organisms rely on external sources for temperature regulation.

What is Osmoregulation?

Osmoregulation is the control of water and solute balance in an organism to maintain internal equilibrium.

What is Osmolarity?

Osmolarity is a measure of the concentration of solute particles per liter of solution, expressed in osmoles.

What is a negative feedback system? (and an example)

A negative feedback system is a regulatory mechanism where the output inhibits the original stimulus. Example: Thermoregulation - the body cools down when it's overheated.

What is a positive feedback system? (and an example)

A positive feedback system is a regulatory mechanism where the output amplifies the original stimulus. Example: Blood clotting - platelet release triggers more platelet release until clotting is achieved.

What is the main function of nervous tissue?

The main function of nervous tissue is to receive stimuli and transmit electrical impulses, enabling communication and coordination within the body.

What other major system works with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis in the body?

The endocrine system works with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis by releasing hormones that regulate various physiological processes.

What is a neurolemmocyte (Schwann cell)?

A neurolemmocyte, or Schwann cell, is a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system that provides myelination to axons and aid in axon regeneration, promoting faster nerve impulse transmission.

Define nerve fiber

Any neuronal process that emerges from the cell body of a neuron

What kind of gland is the pancreas?

The pancreas is both an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland.

Define nerve

A nerve is a bundle of nerve fibers (axons) and associated tissues that transmit electrical impulses throughout the body.

Define Avascular

Avascular refers to the absence of blood vessels within a tissue or structure.

Define gastrovascular cavity

A gastrovascular cavity is a digestive chamber with a single opening, found in some invertebrates such as cnidarians and flatworms.

Define mitotic rate

The mitotic rate is the frequency at which a cell undergoes cell division (mitosis).

Define apical

The tip or uppermost part of a structure.

Define basal surface

The surface of the epithelial cell that lies closest to the inner tissues

What are the four types of tissues?

The four types of tissues are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.

What are the 3 types of symmetry?

The three types of symmetry are radial symmetry, bilateral symmetry, and asymmetry.

What is a post-anal tail?

A post-anal tail is a tail that extends beyond the anal opening and is found in chordate embryos, playing a role in balance and locomotion.

What is the primary function of the kidney?

The primary function of the kidney is to filter blood, remove waste products, and regulate water and electrolyte balance to form urine.

Define ganglia

Ganglia are clusters of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system.

Define tract

A tract is a bundle of nerve fibers (axons) in the central nervous system, forming a pathway for nerve impulses.

Describe what myelination is and what it is used for.

Myelination is the formation of the myelin sheath around a nerve to allow for improved conduction.

What are the three main classes of phylum Mollusca?

Gastropoda (snails and slugs). Bivalvia (clams, mussels, oysters). Cephalopoda (squids, octopuses).

What is an action potential?

An action potential is a brief electrical impulse that travels along the membrane of a neuron or muscle cell, allowing for communication within the nervous system.

Define multinucleated

Multinucleated refers to a cell or organism with more than one nucleus within a single cell.