Diseases of the hemolymphatic system

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40 Terms

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Inherited combined immunodeficiency in foals of arabian breeding

A severe, inherited stem cell defect in Arabians and Arabian crossbred horses, which prevents maturation of B and T cells and inhibits expression of antigen-specific receptors on the cell surface.

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purebred and part-arabian horses, appaloosa foals, caspian filly

species affected with inherited combined immunodeficiency in foals of arabian breeding

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2 to 65 days after birth

most susceptible age of inherited CID in foals

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deficiency in both B and T lymphocytes

meaning of combined immunodeficiency

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b lymphocyte deficiency

results in failure of immunoglobulin production

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T lymphocyte deficiency

results in absence of cellular immunity

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Pneumocystic carinii or adenovirus

most common secondary complication of inherited CID

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bilateral nasal discharge, deep dry cough, increased heart and respiratory rates, double expiratory effort

clinical signs of inherited CID

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persistent lymphopenia

constant finding in clinical pathology in inherited CID

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viral interstitial pneumonia and secondary bacterial bronchopneumonia

common lung lesions in inherited CID

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multisystemic, eosinophilic, epitheliotropic disease of horses

can cause pulmonary and hepatic diffuse granulomas, the former resulting in veno-occlusive remodeling and epistaxis.

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Purpura haemorrhagica

Potentially serious sequela to recent respiratory infection and is observed most frequently following Streptococcus equi infection

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type 3 hypersensitivity

a type of immune reaction where antibodies (IgG or IgM) bind to soluble antigens and form immune complexes that circulate in the blood and deposit in various tissues

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petechial hemorrhage, vasculitis, skin sloughing, edema

clinical signs of Purpura hemorrhagica

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EVA, EIA, Anaplasmosis

DDX of Purpura hemorrhagica

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dexamethasone

more effective corticosteroid in early stages of purpura hemorrhagica

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immune-mediated thrombocytopenia

inappropriate destruction of mature platelets caused by pressence of foreign antigen on platelet surface resulting in removal of platelet by mononuclear phagocytic system

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neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia

may occur in foals from multiparous mares

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petechial or ecchymotic hemorrhages, epistaxis, melena, hyphaema

clinical signs of Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia

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severe thrombocytopenia, macroplatelets

typical cbc findings in immune-mediated thrombocytopenia

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self-antigen, hapten, cross-reactive antigen, secondary to lymphoma

causative agents to IMTP

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IMTP secondary to lymphoma

poor prognosis in IMTP case

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Disseminated intravascular coagulation

pathologic activation of coagulative and fibrinolytic systems leading to microvascular thrombosis resulting in secondary ischemic organ failure

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multiple-site hemorrhage, petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages, thrombi development

clinical signs of DIC

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thrombocytopenia, fragmented RBCs, decreased fibrinogen concentration, decreased antithrombin activity

laboratory findings in DIC

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brodifacoum

100 times more potent than warfarin

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brodifacoum, bromodialone, difenacoum, difethialone, flucoumafen

hydroxycoumarins

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chlorphacinone, diphacinone, pindone

indandiones

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interference with vitamin k 2,3-epoxide reductase enzyme

MOA of anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning

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Vitamin K1

primary treatment for anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning

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vitamin k3

contraindicated as treatment in anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning in horses for renal damage

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hemophilia A

factor VIII deficiency

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thoroughbreds, standardbreds, arabs, quarter horses

occurence of hemophilia a

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IgM

main immunoglobulin in colostrum

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small lymph nodes

a consistent gross finding in inherited CID

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no splenic follicle

indicates the absence of functional lymphoid tissue within the spleen

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hypoplastic thymus gland

a key finding in the thymus due to lack of T-lymphocyte development in inherited CID

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germinal centers

sites of B-lymphocyte proliferation and antibody production. absence reflects deficiency thereof

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corticosteroids

drugs further excacerbating immunodeficiency

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interleukin-5

a cytokine that stimulates eosinophil production and activation