ROMANESQUE-

Romanesque

Roman - like manner of the romans

descended from Roman

According to Oxford English Dictionary

Western Europe

This style grew in those countries of______which had been under the rule of Rome.

Between the time of Charlemagne

about 800 AD, He united most of Western and Central Europe, and was the first recognised emperor to rule from the west after the fall of the Western Roman Empire approximately three centuries earlier) and the beginning of Romanesque two hundred years later, people had built practically no big new buildings.

William the Conqueror

(Duke of Normandy/ King of England)

Romanesque style.

Mostly castles and churches are built in…

France, England, Italy, and Germany, and in northern Spain.

Romanesque buildings are all over what?

NORMAN ARCHITECTURE

The Romanesque style in England is more traditionally referred to as

stone

Romanesque buildings were made of what

wooden roofs

Romanesque buildings were made of stone, but often had

very heavy and dark inside.

Romanesque buildings were often

barbarians

all tribes residing outside of the empire were regarded as

German tribes

Franks, Saxons, Vandals, and Goths; and Asian tribes such as the Huns.

Roman Empire

when the Huns invaded Europe, the Goths and the Vandals were forced to seek shelter and protection inside what?

By 800AD

When was Frankish King Charlemagne was crowned emperor by the pope.

Frankish King Charlemagne

who was crowned emperor by the pope.

Frankish King Charlemagne

he established the Holy Roman Empire, a title which lasted until 1806. Religious enthusiasm of the people found physical expression in magnificent cathedrals and monastic buildings.

From 900AD to 1200AD,

When was the decline of the Roman Empire

It led to the rise of independent states and nations of Europe such as Gaul, Central Europe, etc

What happened during the decline of the Roman Empire

Religion

This period in history saw the rise of religious orders.

the principal religious orders

Benedictine, Cluniac, Carthusian, Cistercian, and Secular Canons

the orders of canons

Augustinian, Premonstratensian, and Gilbertine

military orders

Knights Templar, Knights Hospitallers, Mendicant Orders of Friars)

science, letters, art, and culture

Through these monasteries the orders had the monopoly of

Architectural Character

, during this period, the expression of religious fervor influenced art and the design and creation of cathedrals and monastic buildings.

Architectural Character

This upsurge in architectural expression can be attributed to the spread of Christianity as well as the need to replace some of the buildings that were destroyed in previous wars

Romanesque

Architecture spread throughout Europe but were consistently governed by Roman classical traditions, hence the term

sober and dignified.

The overall effect and general character of the Romanesque style is

rib and panel vaulting,

Roman cross-vaults were gradually superseded by

Groins

had previously been settled naturally by the intersection of the vault surfaces.

6 parts, known as sexpartite vaulting (see image on the right above).

In some instances, the intermediate pier was carried up as a vaulting shaft to support a rib, which altered the quadripartite vaulting compartment into how many parts?

The main pier / pillar

were usually more massive than the intermediate because they supported the chief weight of the vaulting

towers that are square, octagonal, or circular in shape,

are prominent features of most Romanesque churches

the pilaster strips connected at the top by bands of horizontal moldings or by a series of semicircular arches built on walls (see left image).

Other common features of Romanesque architecture (particularly churches) are

"orders"

door and window openings are very characteristic with jambs formed in a series of receding molded planes known as

, rose or wheel window

was often placed over the west door, although glass seems not to have come into general use until the 9th century.

Rome, Florence, Naples, and Pisa.

Central Italy is comprised of

Rome, Florence, Naples, and Pisa.

Historically, all of these cities were rich in pagan influence.

Pisa

had commercial links with the Holy Land and had previously fought with Muslims.

, Central Italy

characterized by great stone and mineral wealth, as well as a brilliant atmosphere

The Pisa Cathedral, together with the Baptistery, Campanile, and Campo Santo

form one of the most famous building groups of the world.

The Pisa Cathedral

It resembles other early Basilican churches in plan, with long rows of columns connected by arches, double aisles, and a nave which has the usual timber roof.

The Pisa Cathedral

The exterior has bands of red and white marble and the ground storey is faced with wall arcading. The entrance facade is thrown into relief by tiers of open arcades which rise one above another right into the gable end

The campanile,

also known as the Leaning Tower of Pisa

Leaning Tower of Pisa

It is a circular tower that is 16 meters (52 ft.) in diameter, rising in 8 storeys of encircling arcades.

Leaning Tower of Pisa

16 meters (52 ft.) in diameter, rising in 8 storeys

The baptistery

was designed by Dioti Salvi on a circular plan with a central nave that is 18.30 meters (60 ft.) in diameter, separated by 4 piers and 8 columns from the surrounding 2-storey aisle which makes the building nearly 39.30 meters (129 ft.) in diameter.

The baptistery

was designed by Dioti Salvi

North Italy

is comprised of Milan, Venice, Ravena, Pavia, Verona, Genoa,

Milan, Venice, Ravena, Pavia, Verona, Genoa

are cities that are competing to construct glorious buildings.

North Italy

had links to Northern Europe through the alpine passes, and links to Constantinople through Venice and Ravena

the architecture of North Italy

is less refined owing to the increased use of stone and brick instead of marble.

the architecture of North Italy

recessed doorways projecting porches were preferred instead of .

S. Ambrogio, Milan

This has been founded by St. Ambrose in the 4th century.

S. Zeno Maggiore, Verona

The fine projecting porch has 2 freestanding columns which rest on the backs of crouching beasts and support a semi-circular vault over which is a gable roof.

Verona

where can we find, S. Zeno Maggiore?

Milan

Where is S. Ambrogio?

S. Zeno Maggiore

The whole facade is relieved by pilaster strips connected by corbel tables under the slopes of the center gable and side roofs.

The campanile at S. Zeno Maggiore, Verona

is detached and has no buttresses. It is made of alternating courses of marble and brick terminating in open arcades to the bell chamber, angle pinnacles and a high pitched roof

S. Fedele, Como and S. Michele, Pavia

This area have a rich history because they underwent Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Muslim, and Norman rule

S. Fedele, Como and S. Michele, Pavia

the changing architectural character of the area can be traced through Byzantine, Muslim, and Norman rule, with each successive period carrying with it something from the past.

Byzantine influence

the use of mosaic decoration and the use of domes instead of vaults .

Muslim influence

the use of striped marbles, stilted pointed arches, and colorful geometric design as a predominant interior decoration.

Cefalu Cathedral

This is the most distinctly Romanesque church in Sicily.

Cefalu Cathedral

It has a basilican nave with groined aisle vaults, columnar arcades, a high transept, and a vaulting over presbytery and south south transept. tri-apsidal east end with latter ribbed The 2 towers of minaret proportions enclosed a columned porch

Monreale Cathedral

This is the most splending of all the monuments erected under Norman rule in Sicily

Sicily

Where can we find Monreale Cathedral

Sicily

Where can we find Cefalu Cathedral?

Monreale Cathedral

The nave columns have capitals of Byzantine form with "dosseret-block" encrusted with mosaic to support pointed arches, and in the aisles there are pointed windows without tracery. The walls are covered with mosaics in gold and color representing scenes from Biblical history with a figure of Christ in the apse framed in arabesques, while a dado of white marble slabs is bordered by inlaid patterns in colored prophyries

Monreale Cathedral

This is the most splending of all the monuments erected under Norman rule (forces of William, King of England) in Sicily.

France

This is where the remains of old buildings were less abundant

cruciform

Romanesque churches were usually what

Buttresses

internal and form the divisions between the chapels which flank the nave. Religious Buildings in Franc

The gradual change to the Gothic system

was promoted by repeated attempts to cover oblong compartments with rib and panel vaults. This problem was eventually solved by the introduction of the pointed arch

Abbey of Saint Denis

This architectural example is situated in a small town about 4 miles north of Paris.

Saint Denis

the first bishop of Paris, and his companions, martyred in 270, were buried here, making the structure and area historically important

Paris

Where can we find Abbey of Saint Denis?

Vezelay Abbey,

also known as the Basilica of St. Mary Magdalene

Abbaye Sainte-Marie-Madeleine de Vezelay

Complete name or another term of Vezelay Abbey,

Vezelay Abbey,

has a most remarkable narthex with nave and aisles crowned by one of the earliest pointed cross vaults in France. The nave has no triforium but a clear storey with small windows between the immense transverse arches of the highly domical groined intersecting vaults

Basilica of Saint Sernin

is designed in cruciform and included nave, double aisles, and transepts. The nave has a round-arched barrel vault with plain square ribs and the high triforium chamber has external windows which light the nave

Toulouse

Where is Basilica of Saint Sernin

Notre Dame du Port

which was originally known as Sainte Marie Principale

Notre Dame du Port

had an extremely plain west facade. The interesting part of the main exterior is in the east end where the square shoulders of the short transept make a strong contrast with the soft curving lines of the apse and the 4 chapels radiating from the ambulatory

Frankish King Charlemagne

forced the people of Saxony to embrace Christianity.

Aix-la-chapelle (Aachen) Cathedral

This architectural example was built by Charlemagne as his tomb-house. The entrance, flanked by staircase turrets, leads into a polygon of 16 sides that is 32 meters in diameter.

The Church of the Apostles

is one of the series of trefoil churches in Cologne

Cologne

Where can we find The Church of the Apostles?

Worms Cathedral

apsidal at both ends with eastern and western octagons. Circular towers containing stairs flank the eastern and western apses.

La Lugareja

is the finest example of Mudejar work in brick. It has many lombardic features and a bold central tower enclosing a lantern cupola on pendentives