HDFS 3420, Final Exam

% of CPM CPS cases (2018)

2

% of CPM in National Incidence Study

28

% of parents reporting insulting or swearing at their children (National Family Violence Survey)

45

% of parents reporting using at least 1 form of CPM (National Family Violence Survey)

63

Risk factors for CPM victimization

Older children, low SES, witnessing adult inter-personal violence, single parent

Risk factors for CPM perpetration

Male parents: emotional abuse. Female parents: emotional neglect. Intergenerational CPM, family dysfunction

Consequences of CPM

similar outcomes and severity to physical abuse

CPM prevention

Enhance sensitive parenting (similar to physical)

Title IX of the 1972 Education Amendments Act

Protects women/girls from SH

Why are Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood times of risk for SH and Violence?

co-occurs with schooling, onset of dating relationships

Peer S* Harassment Definition

Unwelcome S* advances, requests for s* favors, or other verbal, nonverbal, or physical conduct of a s* nature

Peer S* Harassment occurrence

ranges from 23% - 80+%

Kentucky survey of high schoolers reporting behaviors in the last year

37% of girls, 21% of boys

Peer SH risk factors

prior bullying, abuse at home, hyper masculinity views, peer reinforcement

Consequences of Peer SH

psychological and physical impacts, more frequent, severe, and impactful for females

Gender harassment consequences

depression, low self-esteem (body image), suicidality

Prevention and Intervention strategies for Peer SH should include…

Bullying prevention not enough, must address mascultining, practice relationship skills, address s* health, empower individuals to recognize and intervene to stop harassment

Peer SH programs

Green Dot, Fourth R (promotes healthy relationships)

Technology-facilitated peer harassment

Common on social media, not many programs, some bills requiring parental consent pending

S* assault

nonconsensual s*xual contact

R*pe

nonconsensual attempted or completed penetration, with or without use of force or substances

Prevalence of r*pe per year

41.7/100,000 official reports, 140/100,000 self report/survey

Prevalence of r*pe in high school students

11-12% girls, 3-4% of boys, higher for LGBTQ+

Important factor in r*pe surveys or reporting

how we ask the questions “r*pe” vs. specific behaviors

Risk factors for r*pe

poverty, age 12-24, female

For every 1,000 r*pes, ____ are reported

230

For every 1,000 r*pes, ____ result in arrest

46

for every 1,000 r*pes, ____ are prosecuted

9

For every 1,000 r*pes, __ result in a felony conviction

5

For every 1,000 r*pes, ___ are incarcerated

4.6

Women are most vulnerable to SA aged 12-24… why?

new in relationships, vulnerable due to drugs/alcohol, exploration and risk-taking, lower decision-making abilities, and power dynamics

Most SA perpetrators are young men (14-25) — what does this mean about the criminal system?

they may grow out of these behaviors simply by having their brains develop further, so placing in prison could be creating “career criminals”

SA intervention strategies

hotlines, bystander intervention programs (Green Dot), hospital/police training

SA prevention strategies

Self-defense and assertiveness training (aimed at potential victims, not that helpful as majority are people you know, not strangers), school/college training, health relationship training

Teen Dating Violence and Stalking trends…

…aren’t very specific, so primary prevention should be prioritized over secondary

Teen Dating Violence risk factors

jealousy and other attitudes, influence of peers (ego-centrism), socially marginalized groups

_% of teen victims and _% of teen perpetrators of dating violence did not seek help

60%, 79%

Dating Violence Prevention program

Expect Respect — learning to recognize abusive relationships, developing healthy relationship skills, choosing equality and respect for others. Found to: improve relationship skills, decrease rates of victimization and perpetration (but only among those who started the program with those experiences)

IPV

any threatened or completed acts or physical, se*ual, or psychological abuse committed by a spouse, ex-spouse, or current or former boyfriend/girlfriend/partner

Federal laws for IPV

Violence Against Women Act of 1994 (re-authorized every 5 years)

IPV victimization risk factors

being female (increased severity), age 18-29, race and ethnicity, low SES, LGBTQ+, immigration status, military status

IPV victimization consequences

GI issues, arthritis, chronic fatigue syndrome, hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol, heart disease, OBGYN issues, STIs, Anxiety, Depression, PTSD, Substance use, Suicidal ideation and attempts

Economic cost of IPV nation wide per year

3.4 trillion

Spousal exemption principles were common until…

the 1970s (some states still have types of spousal exemption in r*pe laws)

IPV intervention + prevention for victims mainly focus on intervention… why?

thin line between prevention focusing on the victim to victim blaming

Gaps in shelters for IPV

gender minorities, immigrants, rural, capacity, refusing pets

Transitional housing programs

similar to supporting housing, for IPV victims who leave relationships

Healthcare responses to IPV

screening (not common), counseling referrals

Estimates of IPV perpetration by perpetrators

don’t recognize or acknowledge their own behaviors, overestimate the prevalence of other’s abusive behaviors (up to 300% more common than it is)

IPV perpetration risk factors

men aged 18-29 (risk taking, brain development, having kids or partnerships), psychological disorders, substance abuse, family of origin abuse, high risk communities that have attitudes and beliefs that support IPV

I-cubed theory of alcohol on IPV

Instigating (ex/ argument), impelling (ex/ jealously), (dis)inhibitory (ex/ intoxication)

Batterer Intervention Programs

Varied models and intensity, sometimes use motivational interviewing, research outcomes show them to be somewhat effective (in the short-term based on perp. reports, less so from victim reports)

Why is motivational interning so much more effective of IPV perpetrators?

drives intervention and motivation, less resistance, more individualized treatment

When stressors increase…

…we need to meet it with matched support

ADA definition of disability

a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits a major activity of daily living

physical disability

mobility limitations, illnesses that affect physical functioning

psychiatric or mental disability

mental illness affecting daily functioning

Developmental disability

manifests before 22 years of age

Sensory disability

effect sensory functions, like hearing or sight

Disability-related abuse

intimate abuse that is specific to the victims disability, such as withholding medication, treatment, or aid, active sabotage, cold or rough treatment, refusal to assist or support, punishment or control

Why might partners behave in ways that constitute disability abuse?

Practicing “tough love”, not understanding disability, tired or bitter regarding disability, lack of support

% of U.S. pop with disability

12.6%

those with disabilities face ____ rates of IPV, but…

higher, not many studies, varies by gender and abuse types

Prevalence of disability ____ with age

increases (age 75+, 47% have a disability)

IPV victimization among those with disabitlies for men and women

women: 4.4%, men: 4.9%, though women are more likely to seek medical care following IPV

Disability abuse victimization risk factors

unemployment or living in poverty, young age, exposure to multiple potential perpetrators due to assistance needs, social isolation, dependency (physical, financial, emotional)

Perpetrator risk factors for abuse of disabled individuals

a desire for a partner who is easily dominated, controlled, and manipulated; behaves in a patriarchal, dominating manner; engages in s*xually proprietary behaviors, stress from responsibilities associated with caring for a disabled person (less empirical support)

Disability focused intervention

Not all DV shelters are ADA compliant, risks for victims of further social isolation, services aren’t always seen as helpful or supportive (sometimes seen as dismissive)

ASAP (A safety awareness program)

focuses on individuals with disables, randomized control trial, increased assertiveness, safety, self-efficacy, social networks

Elder Abuse

Any maltreatment or neglect of a person aged 60 or older by a caregiver or another person in a trust relationship with the elder

Who are elder abuse perpetrators?

Family (intimate partner, adult son or laugher, other), Professionals (nurses, physicians, home health aides, nursing home workers, bankers, lawyers, other)

Adult Protective Services (APS)

Stared with some federal funding in 1960s, fewer resources and studies than for CPS

National Elder Mistreatment Study estimates of elder abuse

11.4% of those aged 60-97, very few incidents were reported to the police

Elder abuse reporting rates

31% of physical incidents, 16% of s*xual incidents, 8% of emotional incidents (why? don’t want to get family in trouble, don’t want to hurt own situation)

Risks for elder abuse

being a woman, low social support (cause AND consequence), high social isolation (cause AND consequence), physical and financial dependence, cognitive functional impairment

Elder abuse intervention

APS (underfunded, low prosecution rates, victims often don’t want to cooperate), health care providers (rarely screen), home visitation programs

Elder abuse prevention

Media campaigns

What should we target for for elder abuse prevention?

Support for in-home healthcare givers — respite care, monetary support

#MeToo (2017) started changing…

…the culture of reporting, sharing, and shaming

Substantiated rates of VMIR are…

decreasing for all types of abuse except psychological (still increasing due to awareness)

Do we value the “system”?

Underfunded and “broken”… wages in school services are lower than other helping/service profession, leading to more stress, burnout, and turnover

How could we better value the “system”

professionalize the jobs, increase competitive pay, etc

What’s the “system”

DCF, Shelters, Elder services, Legal system (courts, police, prosecutor), non-profits

What can we do?

take a stand against culturally accepted violence, such as spanking, sibling violence, the objectivization of women, violence in media, and be active bystanders

Common risk factors to address

power dynamics (M/F, parent/child, caretaker/patient), patriarchy/masculinity, vulnerability (mental illness, disability, elderly), social isolation (less reporting), poverty

The “one things” we could be doing

destigmatization of victims, media desensitization, education, increasing community and socialization, specializing treatment, training and increased pay for professionals, accessibility of care, child care credits

To convince a policy-maker to take action…

use an anecdote, make an economic argument, point out importance to constituents, demonstrate how action will impact OTHER issues