Metabolism and Nutritional States

A series of flashcards covering key concepts regarding metabolism, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular health, and hypertension.

Anabolic state

A metabolic state in which the body builds and stores nutrients, typically occurring during the fed state.

Catabolic state

A metabolic state in which the body breaks down stored energy, typically occurring during the fasting state.

Glycogenolysis

The process of breaking down glycogen into glucose in the liver.

Gluconeogenesis

The process of producing new glucose from non-carbohydrate sources such as amino acids and glycerol.

Obesity

A condition characterized by excess body fat that increases the risk of disease, commonly measured by a BMI of 30 or higher.

Energy balance

The relationship between energy intake and energy expenditure; a positive balance leads to weight gain.

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

The amount of energy the body uses at rest, influenced by age, muscle mass, and hormones.

Leptin

A hormone produced by fat cells that helps regulate body fat levels and appetite.

Insulin resistance

A condition in which cells do not respond properly to insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels.

Type 1 diabetes

A chronic condition where the body does not produce insulin due to an immune response against insulin-producing cells.

Type 2 diabetes

A chronic condition where the body produces insulin but the cells do not respond properly.

Glycemic index

A measure of how quickly a food raises blood sugar levels.

Atherosclerosis

A condition characterized by the buildup of plaque in the arteries, narrowing blood vessels and reducing blood flow.

LDL cholesterol

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, often referred to as 'bad cholesterol' because it contributes to plaque formation in arteries.

HDL cholesterol

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, known as 'good cholesterol' because it helps remove cholesterol from the bloodstream.

Hypertension

High blood pressure, defined as a blood pressure of 130/80 mmHg or higher, which increases heart disease risk.

DASH diet

A dietary plan emphasizing fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and low-fat dairy while limiting sodium, recommended for hypertension prevention.