AP World Unit 5 (Period 3: 1750-1900)

Revolutions

John Locke

philosopher who wrote two Treatises of Government and supported the idea of the

social contract

Francis Bacon

philosopher who championed Empiricism and the Scientific Method, urging knowledge through observation/experimentation, rejecting ancient texts

Thomas Hobbs

He's best known for his 1651 book Leviathan, which established a social contract theory and helped solidify the idea of absolute sovereignty for the modern nation state

Mary Wollstonecraft

English writer who published A Vindication of the Rights of Women i n 1792 that argues that women should receive the same education as men

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

American social activist, abolitionist, and leading figure o f the early women's rights movement whose Declaration of Sentiments, presented at the first woman's rights convention held in Seneca Falls, New York, is often credited with initiating the first organized women's rights and women's suffrage movements in the US

Toussaint Loveture

former slave who led a general rebellion against slavery i n the Haitian Revolution and was the first leader of a free Haiti

Simon Bolivar

leader of revolt in South American colonies against Spanish rule

Otto Von Bismarck

a German statesman who unified numerous German states into a powerful German Empire under Prussian leadership, then created a "balance o f power" that preserved peace in Europe from 1871 until 1914

Lola Rodriguez de Tio

Puerto Rican-born poet and prominent early advocate for Puerto Rican independence

Karl Marx

German scholar and writer who argued for socialism; published the Communist Manifesto

Friedrich Engles

wealthy supporter of Karl Marx who contributed to the publication of the Communist Manifesto which summarized their critique of capitalism

Adam Smith

one o f the most influential thinks o f the Enlightenment; wrote Wealth of Nations which responded to mercantilism and called for free trade

Labor Unions

organizations of workers that advocate for the right to bargain with employers and put resulting agreements in a contract

Realpolitik

system of politics or principles based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations

Zaibatsu

powerful Japanese family business organizations like the conglomerates in the United States

Enlightenment

Post-Renaissance period i n European history devoted to the study and exploration of new ideas in science, politics, the arts, and philosophy

Empiricism

the belief that knowledge comes from sensed experience, from what you observe

through your experience, including experiments

Bourgeosie

the middle class, typically with reference to its perceived materialistic values or conventional attitudes

Free market

an economic system in which prices are determined by unrestricted competition between privately owned businesses

Laissez-faire

French for "leave alone," an economic environment i n which transactions between private parties are free from tariffs, government subsidies, and enforced monopolies, with only enough government regulations sufficient to protect property rights against theft and aggression

Utopian Socialists

those who felt that society could be channeled i n positive directions by setting up ideal communities

Capital

money available to invest i n business

Monopoly

control of a specific business and elimination of all competition

Mass Production

the manufacture of many identical products by the division of labor into many small repetitive tasks which made goods cheaper, more abundant, and more easily accessible

Interchangeable Parts

identical machine components that can be substituted one for another

Social Contract

an agreement between the people and their government signifying their consent to be governed

Industrial Revolution

new technologies reshaped societies and led to dramatic changes

Propaganda Movement

1882 movement in the Philippines that involved magazines, pamphlets, and other publications that demanded social and political reforms

Self-Strengthening Movement

China's program of internal reform in the 1860s and 1870s, based on vigorous application of Confucian principles and limited borrowing from the West

Bastille

a former prison i n Paris that symbolized the abuses of the monarchy and the corrupt aristocracy; it was stormed b y angry crowds on July 14, 1789

Agricultural Revolution

the transformation of human existence caused by the deliberate cultivation of particular plants and the deliberate taming and breeding of particular animals

Tabula Rasa

the "blank slate" that Locke proposed people were born with that could be filled with knowledge

Immigration

the movement of people into the country from other countries

Trans-Siberian Railroad

stretched from Moscow to the Pacific Ocean, allowing Russia t o trade

easily with countries in East Asia

Zionism

the desire of Jews to reestablish a n independent homeland where their ancestors had

lived i n the Middle East

Deism

the belief that divinity simply set natural laws in motion and does not interfere