Central Nervous System

groups of neuronal cell bodies in CNS

nuclei

where are nuclei found in CNS

grey matter

groups of neuronal cell bodies in PNS

ganglia

bundles of axons in CNS

tracts/fibers

where are tracts/fibers found in CNS

white matter

bundles of axons in PNS

nerves

cranial meninges layers

dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

dura mater

superficial thick, fibrous, vascular layer

arachnoid

thin fibrous layer attached to filamentous mesh

pia mater

deep, very thin fibrous layer that fits in grooves of brain

layers of protection of the brain

skin, cranial bones, cranial meninges, cerebrospinal fluid

cerebrospinal fluid functions

homeostatic regulation, physical support to bear load of brain, immune protection

where is CSF located

subarachnoid space

ventricles function

produce, circulate, and store CSF

CSF is first produced in the ____

lateral ventricles

after being produced, CSF flows into the ____ where more CSF is produced

third ventricle

after leaving the third ventricle, CSF flows into the ____

fourth ventricle

how CSF is drained

high pressure in subarachnoid space creates bulk flow into the dural sinuses (veins)

choroid plexus

lining within the ventricles

structures in the choroid plexus

internal capillaries and their endothelial and ependymal cells

function of the choroid plexus

creating CSF from plasma

function of blood brain barrier

separate CSF and blood

structures in the BBB

brain micro vessels surrounded by endothelial cells, pericytes, and astrocytes

endothelial cells in the BBB are connected via ____

tight junctions

function of pericytes

process signals from outside cells and regulate transport through cells

function of astrocytes

promotes tight junction formation

astrocytes

specialized neuroglia with feet that extend to many capillaries

neurovascular unit

capillary endothelia, pericytes, and astrocytes

metabolic needs of the brain

oxygen and glucose

brain receives ___% of blood pumped by heart to get oxygen

15

brain consumes ___% body’s glucose

50

internal carotid arteries

supply blood to anterior portion of the brain

vertebral arteries

supply blood to posterior portion of the brain

circle of Willis

anatomical formation formed by arteries as a safeguard for if there’s a blockage

jugular veins

return blood to body from the brain

cerebrum function

higher level thinking, consciousness, sensory perception, motor control

gyri

ridges in the cerebrum

sulci

depressions between ridges in the cerebrum

longitudinal fissure

divides brain into left and right hemispheres

transverse fissure

separates cerebrum and cerebellum

lateral fissure

separates temporal lobes

central sulcus

separates frontal and parietal lobes

contralateral control

brain hemispheres control the opposite side of the body

frontal lobe controls

motor, speech, memory formation, personality, emotion

parietal lobe controls

sensory signals in the body

occipital lobe controls

visual processing and storage of visual memories

temporal lobe controls

hearing, processing speech and language, smell

grey matter

cell bodies of neurons

parts of grey matter

cerebral cortex and basal ganglia

cerebral cortex

superficial area on gyri

basal ganglia

deeper grey matter

white matter

bundles of axons

types of white matter

commissural fibers, projection fibers, association fibers

commissural fibers

white matter that connects hemispheres

projection fibers

white matter that connects cerebrum to other regions

association fibers

white matter connects regions within a cerebral hemisphere

neuronal density

number of neurons per unit of volume

key regions of the frontal lobe

primary motor cortex, broca’s area, olfactory bulb

the primary motor cortex is also called the ____

precentral gyrus

primary motor cortex location

ridge just anterior to central sulcus

primary motor cortex function

when stimulated, a body part will move

broca’s area location

left side of frontal lobe

broca’s area function

create the motor movements to produce speech

olfactory bulb location

very front and bottom of frontal lobe

olfactory bulb function

perception of smell

key regions of the parietal lobe

primary somatosensory cortex and somatosensory association cortex

the primary somatosensory cortex is also called the ____

postcentral gyrus

primary somatosensory cortex location

ridge just posterior to central sulcus

primary somatosensory cortex function

awareness of sensory stimuli

somatosensory association cortex location

ridge just posterior to primary somatosensory cortex

somatosensory association cortex function

process sensory information that comes through primary somatosensory cortex

key regions of the temporal lobe

primary auditory cortex and wernicke’s area

primary auditory cortex location

edge of the temporal lobe

primary auditory cortex function

receive and perceive sounds

wernicke’s area location

left temporal lobe

wernicke’s area function

language comprehension

key regions of the occipital lobe

primary visual cortex and visual association area

primary visual cortex function

become aware of info from optic nerves; perceive info as a 2D sketch

visual association area function

interpret info from the primary visual cortex and create an integrated picture

subcortical structures of the brain

basal nuclei, hippocampus, and amygdala

basal nuclei function

modulate motor movement and control semiautomatic and subconscious movement

structures of the basal nuclei

caudate nuclei, putamen, globus pallidus

hippocampus function

memory conversion

amygdala function

control emotions

structures of the diencephalon

epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus

structure within the epithalamus

pineal gland

pineal gland function

secrete melatonin and regulate circadian rhythm

thalamus function

filter sensory information before it enters the primary somatosensory cortex

hypothalamus function

regulate homeostatic mechanisms throughout the body

brainstem function

bidirectional passageway for all tracts between brain and spinal cord, houses cranial nerve nuclei, contains autonomic and reflex centers

structures of the brainstem

midbrain, pons, and medulla

structures of the midbrain

cerebral peduncles and corpora quadrigemina

cerebral peduncles function

contain tracts for descending motor info

corpora quadrigemina function

contain tracts for visual and auditory reflexes

pons function

contain respiratory centers and cranial nerve nuclei

medulla functions

respiratory regulation and contain cranial nerve nuclei and descending motor info

cerebellum function

posture, balance, smooth movement, and complex motor learning

limbic system function

control basic emotions and drives for hunger, dominance, sex, and offspring

structures involved in the limbic system

thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala