RRES EXAM

Religion

Religion

cultural system or organization of behaviors, practices, world views, sacred texts and places, and ethical systems that build connection between humanity and the supernatural or the transcendent

religion

Most humans have the innate tendency to resort to _______, and to relate to a higher being

Cicero

Relegere is the perspective presented by?

relegere

to read or go through again in speech or thought

religare

Most accepted etymology of religion which means “to bind”

The idea of the Holy

Rudolf Otto’s book where he defined religion

Rudolf Otto

Who created this definition of religion that which grows out of, and gives expression to, experience of the holy in its various aspects and Religion is an access to decode the mysteriousness of the Divine through the experience of awe and fascination

Paul Tillich

Believed that “religion is the state of being grasped by an ultimate concern, a concern which qualifies all other concerns as preliminary and which itself contains the answer to the question of the meaning of life”.

essence of one’s life

Which could be discovered in engaging with one’s religion based on the definition of Paul Tillich

Immanuel Kant

Believes that “religion is the recognition of all our duties as divine commands”. Religion is never separated from ethics as a way of life.

Cosmological Dimension

Dimension of Religion that states that Religion gives explanations to the dimensions of the religious world. Religion stands as an avenue to answer big questions about faith, as well as questions about the aspects of life of the universe. Religion portray the world as something that is meaningful

Soteriological or Salvific Dimension

Dimension of Religion that states that Most, if not all, Religions provide a scheme for salvation. Religion provides an answer to the proverbial human problem of destination after death. Live a life in accordance with the teachings of one’s religions in order to attain salvation or a slate of perfection

Anthropological Dimension

Dimension of Religion that states that there is a Sense of mystery in religion. Religion is a dimension to empower the people to transcend from the finite boundaries of human experience and offer a means for negotiating that which the human mind cannot fully comprehend

Symbolic Dimension

Dimension of Religion that states that A religion cannot be called a religion if there are no symbols and rituals. Symbols give meaning and interpretation to human behavior. Repeated rituals can give way to create a sound tradition and transform through religious tradition

Moral Dimension

Dimension of Religion that states that All religions have a sense that there is a right way to live and act. The idea of good and evil is fundamental to many faiths, and religion often has a function of offering moral guidance to society

Morality

All religions have a sense that there is a right way to live and act

Organizational Dimension

Dimension of Religion that states that All religions have a sense of authority with regards to religious matters. Most religions today are headed by priests or pastors who undergo years of training are education to full their religious role as leaders. In other religions, the emphasis is placed on an internal theory and personal understanding of how to live in this world

Theological Dimension

Dimension of Religion that states that The defining feature of religion is how it introduces the existence and nature of a supreme being, or in some cases, a source of supreme authority. All forms of religious devotional systems are considered expressions of the divine

god

primary object of all religious practice and devotion, and is rarely regarded as mere conceptions or hypothetical entity

Religious

Can refer to divinity, or something that is holy or sacred. Include believing or reverencing a higher being or power. also refer to a set of beliefs

Experience

Something that one goes through, something that occurs in life, often subjective in nature

Religious Experience

a personal experience. Encounter of the Supreme Being which is interpreted within a religious framework. also known as spiritual experience, sacred experience, or mystical experience.

William James

American Philosopher who coined the term “Religious Experience” for this kind of experience in the 19th century. Characterized commonly as experiences that seem to the person having them to have some religious import in his/her personal life

Rudolf Otto

Who said that religious experience is not something which is automatically given to anyone and describes religious feeling as “the submergence of the nothingness before an overpowering, absolute might of some kind.”

Numinous or the Numen

Religious experience contains an element of objectivity - that “Something”. Otto calls that Something as the?

Priori

The awakening of religious happens when it is evoked by anything outside the human person.

The Holy

What is experienced fundamentally among religious places which are in themselves chief sources of the manifestations of the Holy

Michael Downey

In understanding Spirituality, the first requisite is “an awareness that there are levels of reality not immediately apparent; there is more than meets the eye”. second approach is the “quest for personal integration in the face of forces of fragmentation and depersonalization”

Joann Wolkski Conn

Defined spirituality as “the capacity for self-transcendence”. Spirituality has a metaphysical aspect because of its spiritual dimension

Bernard McGinn

Agrees that spirituality is an important element in human nature and experience

Ewert Cousins

“Spirituality is the inner dimension of the person wherein the ultimate reality is experienced”. Man has the innate ability to transcend from the physical world to a higher dimension of life which is the spiritual world.

John Macquarrie

Spirituality is concerned with “becoming a person in the fullest sense”

Abraham Maslow

It is a form of self-actualization. It is becoming the very most possible of “I” of a human person in a higher degree of the visible world

Edward Kinerk

“Spirituality is an expression of the dialectic movement from the inauthentic self to the authentic self”. Emphasizes the importance of self-transcendence in the spiritual quest.

Raimundo Panikkar

Recognizes spirituality as “a typical way of handling the human condition”. Humans are both gifted and wounded, realizing the need to be healed in the spiritual aspect of life.

Sandra Schneiders

Defines spirituality as “the realization or actualization of the human spirit, and the experience of consciously striving to integrate one’s life in terms not of isolation and self-absorption but of self-transcendence toward the ultimate value one perceives”

The self

What is inseparable from spirituality

Human experience

What is the locus of spirituality

Human authenticity

What is important in the spiritual journey?

The self

What is the inner core of one’s spirituality?

Mysticism: Nature and Development of Human Consciousness

Evelyn Underhill’s book that talked about her own version of spirituality

Evelyn Underhill

Who said that “Human beings are vision-creating beings rather than merely tool-making animals”

“Who am I?”

The greatest and ultimate question that concerns identity

Religion

formalization and institutionalization of beliefs, rituals, and practices in a particular official religious system that claims to get a person in a right relationship with God

Spirituality

Focus on spiritual things and the spiritual world instead of physical/earthly things to pursue the natural inclination of human person to search for the meaning and purpose of existence

Religiosity

taken up with the external, visible things and is Human

Spirituality

Primarily a matter of heart and is Divine

TRUE

It does not mean that one is a religious person, one is also a spiritual person

religious person

someone that can be a member of one among the many world religions and adhere to its belief and rituals, but his religiosity is not automatically translated into spirituality

spiritual person

someone that is committed to experience inner transformation in his life with or without the help and guidance of a religious institution

Hinduism

prevailing religion of India. the World’s oldest living major religion. a religion of Diversity.

1 billion people

How may people are Hindu

Bindi

red dot worn on the forehead of women who are followers of Hinduism or Jainism that meant that the women is married, but today serves more of a fashion accessory

2000 BCE

Date when Hinduism Began

Aryans

Earliest Hindus were a nomadic herding people who identified themselves as the _________?

noble ones

Aryans means what?

Sanskrit

Language of the Aryans

Vedas

most valued scriptures in Hinduism and are written texts, but are recited by priests during special occasions and as a form of transmission.

knowledge

Vedas means what?

Rig-Veda

Most important of the four basic books of the Vedas and It is primarily an anthology about a thousand hymns for the Aryan Gods

The Vedas of verses and praise

Rig-Veda means?

Indra

Vedic God that is the God of thunder and rain. Ruler of the space between heaven and earth. Most popular among the deities of the Rig-Veda

Agni

Vedic God that is the God of fire and sacrifice

Varuna

Vedic God that is the Deity who maintains the order of the cosmos and Portrayed as the enemy of Indra

Soma

Vedic God that is the Lord of plants and The most intriguing among vedic gods. His name refers to the pressing of a certain plant to concoct an intoxicating drink which is said to produce insight and immortality

Rudra

Vedic god that is the god of destruction and forerunner to Shiva

Yama

Vedic god that is the god of the dead

Hymns of the Rig-Veda

Function like a manual for a long, healthy, and wealthy life on earth

Purusha

There exists a creation poem that tells the sacrifice of someone for human life. Who is that someone?

mantras, brahmans, aranyakas, and upanishads

Each book in the Vedas is divided into four parts:

Upanishads

refers to students sitting at the feet of their spiritual teachers as they received instruction. crucial to the formation of Hinduism and the basis for all Hindu religious philosophy

to sit nearby

Upanishads means what?

Brahman

only principle unity of the universe. infinite and eternal, unknowable except to the spiritually enlightened.

sat, chit, ananda

Brahman is? (Three keywords)

Atman

Upanishads assert that every living being, at the core, has an eternal soul. It is is one with Brahman

human ignorance

separates atman from Brahman

TRUE

Atman as the Self while the physical being subjected to karma is the self

Karma

law explaining the cause and effect relationship in the cosmos

Action

What does Karma mean?

“The self”

What is subjected to Karma, and is therefore subject to change

TRUE

Hinduism is theistic, but also monistic at the same time

TRUE

Hinduism only recognizes one supreme God but allows its believers to worship God in many different forms and persons

Brahman

What is the Supreme Force, Absolute Reality in hinduism?

TRUE

Brahman is genderless

Trimurti

Shiva, Vishnu, and Brahma form the _________ which means trinity

Brahma

Who is that god that is part of the Trimurti who is the creator. Depicted with four heads and is less worshiped

Vishnu

Who is the god that is part of the Trimurti who is the preserver. the kind overseer of the universe. further incarnated in the form of Krishna and Rama. General role is to come to human aid during times of cosmic crisis

Shiva

Who is the god that is part of the Trimurti who is the destroyer. described to be violent and powerful in ways that are both destructive and creative. through his sexual power, brought life to the universe.

Ramayana

Story of Rama which tells of tales of exploits of the god and king Rama together with his wife, Sita

Mahabarata

One of the longest poems ever written. Tells the story of Arjuna and his charioteer, Krishna which shows conflict involving Arjuna’s despair between his dharma or his family.

Bhagavad Gita

The sixth book of Mahabharata is a short section of 700 verses and is one of the most important single sacred scripture in Hinduism.

Caste System

Form of social stratification in Hinduism

Rig Veda and Laws of Manu

The Caste System is found on the teachings of founded on the teachings of the __________________

Pure

meaning of caste which is Portuguese in origin,

Varna

which means color, is the sanskrit word used to refer to stratification

Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Shudras

Classes in Caste System. Classes are based on the ordering of the cosmos. The higher the class, the closer to the gods, the more purposeful in life

Jati

Idea where people keep specific occupation to a particular family or clan

the untouchable or dalits

New classification in the caste system brought by the idea of the Jati

Hatha Yoga

commonly thought of Yoga which is kind of a physical exercise that involves complex contortions and postures of the body

to yoke or to join

Sanskrit Term of Yoga