Science 8 - Chapter 2

Solid

A state of matter with a definite shape and volume.

Crystalline Solid

A solid with particles arranged in a regular, repeating pattern.

Amorphous Solid

A solid whose particles are not arranged in a regular pattern.

Liquid

A state of matter with a definite volume but no definite shape.

Fluid

A substance that can flow; includes liquids and gases.

Surface Tension

The tightness across the surface of a liquid caused by attraction between particles.

Viscosity

A liquid’s resistance to flow.

Gas

A state of matter with no definite shape or volume; particles move freely.

Plasma

A state of matter made of charged particles, found in lightning and stars.

Pressure

The collisions of particles in a substance. And force gas particles exert when they hit the walls of a container.

Temperature

The motion/kinetic energy of the particles within a substance.

Absolute Zero

The lowest possible temperature (0 K or -273°C) where particle motion stops.

Thermal Energy

The total kinetic and potential energy of all particles in a substance.

Kinetic Energy

The energy of motion.

P=F/A

The formula for pressure: Pressure equals Force divided by Area.

Boyle’s Law

When temperature is constant, pressure increases as volume decreases.

Indirectly Proportional

When one value increases, the other decreases.

Charles’ Law

When pressure is constant, volume increases as temperature increases.

Directly Proportional

When one value increases, the other also increases.

Gay-Lussac’s Law

When volume is constant, pressure increases as temperature increases.

Phase Change

A physical change between states of matter.

Melting

Change from solid to liquid (endothermic).

Freezing

Change from liquid to solid (exothermic).

Condensation

Change from gas to liquid (exothermic).

Evaporation

Slow change from liquid to gas at the surface (endothermic).

Boiling

Rapid change from liquid to gas throughout the liquid (endothermic).

Vaporization

The overall process of liquid changing to gas (includes boiling and evaporation).

Sublimation

Change from solid directly to gas (endothermic).

Endothermic Change

A change that absorbs energy (melting, vaporization, sublimation).

Exothermic Change

A change that releases energy (freezing, condensation).

Implosion

A sudden inward collapse caused by higher external pressure.

water’s freezing point (Celsius)

0 degrees

Water’s freezing point (Fahrenheit)

32 degrees

Water’s boiling point (Celsius)

100 degrees

Water’s boiling point (fahrenheit)

212 degrees

PDB’s melting point

53 Degrees Celsius

Nitrogen’s vaporization point

196 Degrees Celsius

Absolute Zero

0 degrees Kelvin