Psychology 101 Chapters 9-14

Research on obesity and weight control indicates that

fat tissue is maintained by fewer calories than is lean tissue.

Monica is motivated to reach her unique potential in both her personal and professional life. According to Maslow, Monica is motivated by

self-actualization needs.

In one experiment, college men were injected with epinephrine before spending time with either a joyful or an irritated person. The results of this experiment support the idea that

our experience of emotion depends on how we interpret the body's arousal.

Alana worked hard to make enough money to support herself and afford an apartment in a safe neighborhood. She feels confident and really good about her accomplishments. Recently, she has entered a committed relationship. According to Maslow, Alana is moving through

the hierarchy of needs.

Dr. Welch disagrees with the idea that our weight has a set point; instead, he prefers the term settling point. Which of the following observations seems to support the idea of a settling point?

Sustained changes in body weight can alter one's set point, and psychological factors also sometimes drive our feelings of hunger.

________ is a theory in which a physiological need creates an aroused state than motivates us to satisfy a need.

Drive-reduction theory

Susan is preoccupied with Facebook. She posts several times a day; if others do not respond positively to her posts or if they try to change the subject, she fires off an angry response. Susan is demonstrating

narcissism.

Surgeons removed a sizable part of Tom's stomach to prevent the spread of a cancerous tumor. Following a successful recovery, Tom's reduced appetite for food is most likely because his stomach produces much less

ghrelin.

Which area of the hypothalamus is a neural arc with a center that secretes appetite-stimulating hormones and another center that secretes appetite-suppressing hormones?

arcuate nucleus

Which of the following best describes the basic idea of a set point?

The body is naturally "set" to maintain a particular weight by increasing or decreasing feelings of hunger and basal metabolic rate.

Using both verbal and nonverbal cues, people find it most difficult to detect

deceiving expressions.

The right prefrontal cortex is more active than the left prefrontal cortex when people experience

disgust.

In the United States, the rate of obesity among adults has ________ since 1980, and now ________ percent of adults are obese.

doubled; 36

According to the ________, bodily responses and the subjective experience of emotion occur at the same time.

Cannon-Bard theory

Boyd, a suspect in a criminal investigation, has agreed to take a lie detector test. The machine used in this test is most likely to measure his

perspiration levels.

Tessa and Noah are looking to buy their first house. Their real estate agent takes them to one house that strongly smells of cigarette smoke and cat urine. They both are disgusted by the smells and immediately exit the house. If the electrical activity of the brain was measured while they were having this negative emotion

the right frontal cortex would be more electrically active.

In addition to secreting the hunger-triggering hormone orexin, the ________ monitors levels of the body's other appetite hormones.

hypothalamus

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system

increases respiration and increases blood sugar levels.

Sonya has had classes all morning. Because she hasn't eaten since breakfast, she is now extremely hungry. Sonya's hunger is being triggered by the hormone _____, which is secreted by the _____.

orexin; hypothalamus

Which of the following is most clearly a form of ostracism?

solitary confinement

During the first few weeks of law school, students were observed to have stronger immune systems if they

were optimistic.

Logan is an unsuccessful businessman who feels little satisfaction with life. To increase his subjective well-being, Logan should

think about what his life might be like if he were suffering from a fatal disease.

One possible explanation for the longer life expectancy of religiously active people is that

they receive more social support.

To reduce the stress he feels after failing a college course, Jeremy seeks social support from his friends and family. Jeremy's behavior best illustrates

emotion-focused coping.

Victor Frankl, a psychiatrist who survived a Nazi concentration camp, observed that stressful circumstances are made unbearable by

a lack of meaning in life.

Experimental participants did not show strong differences in brain activation whether watching a sad or a neutral movie if they

had been trained in mindfulness meditation.

Aviad, a 50-year-old banking executive and Type A personality, recently suffered a serious heart attack. To prevent a recurrence, Aviad would probably benefit most from

relaxation training.

Resisting the temptation to eat chocolate chip cookies led research participants to subsequently give up sooner than normal on efforts to complete a frustrating task. This illustrated that self-control momentarily weakens following

the practice of controlling one's impulses.

One study of women with ovarian cancer suggests that ______ may slow the progression of cancer.

social support

Learned helplessness is most likely to promote

pessimism.

After resisting a strong temptation to overeat during a lengthy but sumptuous all-you-can-eat buffet dinner, Jason was unable to resist the temptation to drink too much alcohol during an important after-dinner business meeting. Jason's excessive drinking best illustrates the impact of

using up self-control energy.

Friedman and Rosenman referred to competitive, hard-driving, impatient, and easily angered individuals as ________ personalities.

Type A

One seven-decade-long study found that at age 50, healthy aging was better predicted by ________ than by a low cholesterol level.

a good marriage

Prolonged stress can increase one's vulnerability to illness in part because recurrent autonomic nervous system arousal leads to

inflammation of body tissues.

Relaxation procedures have been found to reduce

depression levels.

Compared with men in similar situations, women in distressed relationships have higher levels of _______, which may help them seek out and receive support from others.

oxytocin

Alex experiences little stress because he expects things to work out the way he wants them to. This best illustrates the value of

optimism.

One person regards a new job as a challenge, whereas another regards the same new job as a potential threat. These different perceptions best illustrate

stress appraisal.

An understanding of how stress affects our resistance to disease is the central focus of the field of

psychoneuroimmunology.

The emotional bonding and mutual support that survivors of a deadly storm provide to one another best illustrates

the tend-and-befriend response.

Elliot was fouled by an unfamiliar opponent during a basketball game at a neighborhood park. Because he was drinking alcohol prior to the game, he is most likely to interpret the foul as

an aggressive act.

Mia feels that fast-food restaurants are an unhealthy source of food and has protested against the building of a new restaurant in her neighborhood. Mia's feeling about fast-food restaurants is an example of

an attitude.

Tara has very strong opinions about a proposed tuition increase. However, when Tara becomes the student representative for the college board that proposed the raise in tuition, she develops a more favorable attitude about the tuition increase. Which theory best explains why?

cognitive dissonance theory

Group polarization is most likely to occur in a group in which

individuals share a similar opinion.

According to Darley and Latané, the decision-making process necessary for bystander intervention in an emergency situation requires

noticing an incident, interpreting the incident as an emergency, and assuming responsibility for helping.

Gallup surveys indicate that Americans who frequently attend religious services are more likely than those who do not attend religious services to

report that they have volunteered time to an organization.

An eagerness to believe that victims of a natural disaster are being punished by God for their sins is best explained in terms of

the just-world phenomenon.

While eating at a restaurant, you see a waiter's serving tray accidentally tilt and an avalanche of food and beverages splatter on four people. "How careless," you mumble to yourself as you resume eating. You have just committed

the fundamental attribution error.

To help people avoid conflicts, psychologists should promote an increased awareness of

the social-responsibility norm.

Ellie is attractive and intelligent, and she works hard to please her husband. He displays little affection for her, however, and spends most of the family's resources on his own interests. Ellie's relationship with her husband is best characterized as

inequitable.

Joel's sexually violent behavior is influenced by his unrealistic sexual scripts, his social rejection, and his abuse of alcohol. A comprehensive understanding of Joel's behavior is most clearly provided by

a biopsychosocial approach.

When 68-year-old Mrs. Blake had a flat tire on a fairly isolated highway, she received help from a passerby in less than 10 minutes. One year later, when she had a flat tire on a busy freeway, an hour elapsed before someone finally stopped to offer assistance. Mrs. Blake's experience best illustrates

the bystander effect.

Opinion change resulting from a thoughtful focus on the content of arguments illustrates

central route persuasion.

When groups of people who believe that the government is conspiring to force all citizens to give up their guns get together for discussions on the Internet, their decisions tend to be more extreme than any one member would have made alone. This phenomenon is known as

group polarization.

Nadia has cancer and has come to believe that she can heal herself holistically regardless of what her family and doctors say. She has found support for her views in various Internet discussion groups. These group discussions have strengthened her views because of

group polarization.

Janice was introduced to several foreign exchange students from Japan and Canada. Although she had no trouble later distinguishing each of the Canadian students, she had a very difficult time remembering each of the Japanese students. Janice's inability to later recognize the Japanese students illustrates

the other-race effect.

Eric always wears the proper golf outfit when he goes to his golf club, even though he would prefer to wear jeans. Eric's behavior illustrates the influence of

social control.

Casandra, who is attractive and likable, has just telephoned Mike and asked him for a date. According to the two-factor theory of emotion, Mike is likely to experience the most intense romantic feelings for Casandra during their phone conversation if he has just

completed a series of aerobic exercises.

Malik wants to put up a fence between his yard and his neighbor's. But, the two disagree about the boundary separating their two yards. This disagreement illustrates

a conflict.

When a salesperson visits your home and asks you to try a free sample of a cleaning fluid, you agree. When he returns the following week and asks you to purchase an assortment of expensive cleaning products, you make the purchase. The salesperson appears to have made effective use of

the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

Some psychoanalysts in Freud's era believed that girls experienced unconscious sexual desires for their father during the phallic stage. These feelings, they thought, reflected

an Electra complex.

Freud's theory of personality has been criticized because it

offers few testable hypotheses that allow one to determine its validity.

A consistent tendency to be shy is best described as

a trait.

Abraham Maslow studied the lives of people such as Abraham Lincoln in order to understand the nature of

self-actualization.

Dr. Zytowics wants to assess the extent to which a client is suffering from depression, social withdrawal, and other symptoms of an emotional disorder. Which personality inventory would be most helpful for this purpose?

the MMPI

A sense of personal self-worth is called

self-esteem

The major reason for criticism of the Rorschach test is that

its scores have not demonstrated validity.

Psychodynamic theories emphasize that personality involves a dynamic interaction between

conscious and unconscious mental processes.

Hans and Sybil Eysenck described personality differences by identifying

basic personality dimensions.

Years after his participation in terrifying military combat, Gordon continues to suffer intrusive anxiety-arousing images of his war experiences, which he wishes he could forget. Gordon's experience is most clearly inconsistent with Freud's concept of

repression.

Coretta is typically quiet, thoughtful, and reserved. In terms of the Eysencks' basic factors, she would most clearly be classified as

introverted.

By professional training, Freud was a

physician.

Maslow's description of self-actualized individuals was said to reflect his own personal values because he

selectively studied people with qualities he admired.

Being highly imaginative is most closely related to the Big Five trait dimension of

openness.

According to Freud, the component of personality that seeks to reconcile the demands of the id, superego, and reality is the

ego.

Researchers found that individuals with an inflated sense of self-esteem and self-love could develop

narcissism.

The Big Five traits show their greatest stability during

adulthood.

Ten-year-old Jamie enjoys spending time with her girlfriends and learning in school. According to Freud, Jamie, who is no longer coping with unconscious sexual feelings, is probably in the ________ stage of development.

latency

Kelly loves to boast about her accomplishments and becomes very upset when anyone criticizes her. Kelly most clearly demonstrates

defensive self-esteem.

A psychotherapist instructs Dane to relax, close his eyes, and state aloud whatever thoughts come to mind, no matter how trivial or absurd. The therapist is using a technique known as

free association.

Jeremy experiences so much anxiety about taking the elevator that he climbs 10 flights of stairs to get to his office each workday. Jeremy appears to suffer from

a specific phobia.

Phobias are most likely to be characterized by

a persistent, irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation.

The incidence of major depressive disorder is greatest among people who are

raised apart from an identical twin who suffers the disorder.

Ravi brushes his teeth 18 times a day. Each time, he uses exactly 83 strokes up and 83 strokes down. After he eats, he must brush twice with two different brands of toothpaste. Ravi suffers from

obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Which of the following has been shown to be a risk factor for future suicide attempts?

NSSI

Stressful life events like the loss of a job are most likely to increase one's risk of

depression.

Research on ________ shows that our environment can affect whether a gene is expressed, thus affecting the development of psychological disorders.

epigenetics

After drinking three cans of beer, Akiva felt less guilty about the way he mistreated his wife and children. Akiva's reduced guilt most likely resulted from the fact that his alcohol consumption has

reduced his self-awareness.

False beliefs of persecution that may accompany schizophrenia are called

delusions.

When heavy coffee drinkers skip their usual caffeine, they experience the effects of ________ when a headache strikes.

withdrawal

The three main categories of psychoactive drugs are the depressants, the stimulants, and the

hallucinogens.

Taking an overdose of ________ is likely to result in death.

any of these drugs

Patricia has been diagnosed with bulimia nervosa. Which of the following is a key characteristic of her eating disorder?

binge eating and purging by self-induced vomiting

Which of the following drugs is most likely to produce a euphoric high and feelings of social intimacy?

Ecstasy

Studies have found that people with antisocial criminal tendencies have a smaller-than-normal

amygdala.

Loss of oxygen or extreme sensory deprivation produces perceptual distortions most similar to those produced by consuming

LSD.

Some psychologists include ________ under the umbrella of posttraumatic stress disorder.

dissociative identity disorder

Lou Ann has been diagnosed with a psychological disorder called agoraphobia. Lou Ann is most likely to be afraid of

having a panic attack in a public place.

Individuals who are most vulnerable to anorexia nervosa are those who live in cultures that idealize

thin bodies.

Sympathetic nervous system activity is slowed by

alcohol