SLP Praxis

What are Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

Sensorimotor (0-2)

Preoperational (2-7)

Concrete (7-11)

Formal (11+)

What are the muscles involved in inspiration?

Diaphragm

External intercostal muscles: raise the ribs up and out

Serratus posterior superior: elevates rib cage

Levator costarum brevis: elevates rib cage

Levator costarum logies: elevates rib cage

What are the muscles involved in expiration?

Internal intercostal muscles

Latissimus dorsi

Rectum abdominis

Transverse abdominis

Internal oblique abdominal

Quadrates lumborum

What structures are involved in respiration?

Lungs

Bronchi

Trachea

Spinal column

Sternum: manubrium, corpus, xiphoid process

Rib cage

What is the myoelastic-aerodynamic theory?

It's a theory of phonation. VF closure -> build up of sub glottal air pressure -> pressure blows the folds apart -> folds vibrate -> air moves through glottal opening, decreasing pressure -> folds sucked back together.

What are the laryngeal cartilages?

Hyoid bone

Epiglottis

Thyroid cartilage

Cricoid cartilage

Arytenoids

Corniculates

Discuss the vocal folds, aryepiglottic folds and ventricular folds.

Vocal folds:

They have three layers

Epithelium: the outer cover.

Lamina propia: the middle.

Vocalis muscle: the body

Aryepiglottic folds:

They go from arytenoids to larynx. Help preserve airway.

Ventricular folds:

Sometimes vibrate with low frequencies.

What are the intrinsic muscles involved in phonation?

internal thyroarytenoid: it's the primary portion of thryoarynteoid muscles. it vibrates and produces sounds.

cricothyroid: lengthens and tenses vocal folds.

oblique and transverse arytenoid: contract and pull arynteoids together for adduction.

posterior cricoarynteoid: abducts

lateral cricoarytenoid: adducts

What are the extrinsic muscles involved in phonation?

Elevators:

Digastric

Geniohyoid

Mylohyoid

Stylohyoid

Hyoglossus

Genioglossus

Depressors:

Thyrohyoid

Omohyoid

Sternothryoid

Sternohyoid

How many/what type of teeth do we have?

32 teeth: 4 incisors, 2 canine, 4 premolar and 6 molar

What are the parts of the tongue?

tip, blade, dorsum, root and lingual frenulum.

What are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

All innervated by CN 12

Superior longitudinal muscle: shortens tongue. turns tip upward.

Inferior longitudinal muscle: shortens tongue. turns tip downward.

Transverse muscle: elongates tongue

Vertical muscle: narrows tongue

What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

All innervated by CN 12

Genioglossus: forms bulk of tongue. retracts, draws tongue downward

Styloglossus: draws tongue up and back

Hyoglossus: retracts and depresses tongue

Chondroglossus: depresses tongue

Palatoglossus: elevates tongue and depresses velum

What are the muscles of the pharynx?

salpingopharyngeus: elevates laryngeal wall

stylopharyngeus: elevates and opens pharynx

superior pharyngeal constrictor: pulls wall forward

middle pharyngeal constrictor: narrows diameter or pharynx

inferior pharyngeal constrictor: constricts office of esophagus and reduces diameter of pharynx

What are the muscles of the soft palate?

levator veli palatini: elevates velum

tensor veli palatini: tenses velum

palatoglossus: elevates and depresses velum

palatopharyngeus: lowers velum

What are the structures of the hard palate?

Pre maxilla

Palatine process

What are the muscles of the mandible?

Elevators:

Masseter

Temporalis

Pterygoid

Depressors:

Digastric

Geniohyoid

Mylohyoid

What are the cranial nerves?

Olfactory

Optic

Oculomotor

Trochlear

Trigeminal

Abducens

Facial

Vestibulocochlear

Glossopharyngeal

Vagus

Spinal accessory

Hypoglossal

Trigeminal: function and damage

Provides sensory information to face. It has three branches.

Ophthalmic: nose and eyes

Maxillary: lip, maxilla, upper cheek

Mandibular: lower teeth

Provides motor information to the jaw.

Damage could result in an inability to close mouth and chew.

Facial: function and damage

Provides sensory information to anterior 2/3 of tongue.

Provides motor information to muscles of the face.

Damage could result in a mask like appearance.

Vestibulocochlear: function and damage

There are two branches. The vestibular branch and acoustic branch. Provides sensory information.

Damage could result in hearing loss or balance issues or both.

Glossopharyngeal: function and damage

Provides sensory information to posterior 1/3 of tongue

Provides motor information to muscles of pharynx (some)

Damage could result in loss of taste, difficulty swallowing and damage to the gag reflex.

Vagus: function and damage

Provides sensory and motor information to some muscles of larynx and pharynx.

There is the recurrent laryngeal nerve which is responsible for intrinsic muscles of larynx (except cricothryoid)

The pharyngeal branch is responsible for the pharyngeal constrictors and most muscles of velum (except tensor tympani)

Damage could result in swallowing issues, velum paralysis and voice problems

Spinal accessory: function and damage

Provides motor information to head and shoulder and some soft palate.

Damage could result in neck weakness, inability to turn head, shrug or raise arms

Hypoglossal: function and damage

Provides motor information to all intrinsic and some extrinsic muscles of the tongue.

Damage could result in tongue paralysis, unintelligible speech and swallowing issues

Describe spinal nerves.

Cervical: 8 pairs. Neck

Thoracic: 12 pairs. Chest

Lumbar: 5

Sacral: 5

Coccygeal: 1

What is the temporal lobe responsible for?

Processing hearing information and comprehending speech. Contains primary auditory cortex, Heschl's gyrus and Wernicke's area.

What is the frontal lobe responsible for?

Important for planning, decision making, etc.

Contains important speech structures, such as Broca's, primary motor cortex (aka motor strip. controls voluntary movements) and the supplementary motor cortex (helps with motor planning of speech)

What is the parietal lobe responsible for?

Contains the primary somatic sensory area, which integrates somesthetic information (pressures, pain, temperature, touch).

Also contains supra marginal gyrus and the angular gyrus

What are the structures of the cerebrum?

Longitudinal fissure: goes along middle of hemispheres

Central sulcus: divides frontal and parietal

Lateral fissure: divides frontal and temporal

Cerebellum: function and damage

It acts as a modulator for neural activity.

It regulates balance, posture and fine motor movements

Damage to the cerebellum results in ataxia. Loss of voluntary control.

Think: COORDINATION

Basal ganglia: function and damage

The basal ganglia is a highly complex system of neural pathways that receive input and relay messages back to the brain via the thalamus.

Damage to the BG results in unusual body postures, dysarthria, involuntary movements, changes in body tone. It's part of the extrapyramidal system which regulates motor movements.

Discuss the brainstem and its structures.

Contains midbrain, pons and medulla

The midbrain, aka mesencephalon, controls motor and sensory reflexes.

The pons, aka metencehpalon, transmit information relative to movement from the hemispheres to the cerebellum. they act as a message station.

The medulla houses several cranial nerves for speech production

Discuss the diencephalon and its structures.

It is located above the midbrain.

Thalamus: relays sensory information to various parts of the brain.

Hypothalamus: integrates actions of the ANS, such as hunger, thirst, emotions.

Discuss the automatic nervous system.

The sympathetic system is responsible for the "fight or flight". Causes heart to accelerate, raises blood pressure. increases blood flow to various areas of the body.

The parasympathetic system is what relaxes you.

Efferent vs Afferent

Efferent are motor neurons that carry nerves away from CNS to muscles

Afferent are sensory neurons that carry nerves toward CNS.

LMN vs UMN

LMN go from spinal nerves to muscles

UMN are in the CNS

Discuss the pyramidal system and its tracts

The pyramidal system is responsible for providing muscle movement to muscles of the head, neck and limbs. This is a direct activation pathway. The fiber tracts of this system originate in cerebral cortex and go to muscles.

In the corticospinal tract, the nerve fibers begin in pre central gyrus (aka motor strip), goes through midbrain, pons and then about 80-85% of the nerve fibers decussate at medulla. Then they synapse at the anterior horn and communicate to the spinal nerves. they start in cortex and end in spine, which is why it's called corticospinal.

In the corticobulbar tract, the nerve fibers begin in motor cortex, go to the brainstem and synapse with the cranial nerves , then decussate.

Discuss the extrapyramidal system.

It's the "extra" that controls the postural support needed for fine motor movements. It's indirect and influences LMN.

Damage results in involuntary movement, bizarre postures, unusual movement patterns. Examples include spasms, tremors, myoclonus and dystonia.

Discuss the meninges.

Protect the brain.

Pia

Arachnoid

Dura

Discuss the cerebral ventricles.

The choroid plexus produces cerebrospinal fluid, which is responsible for nourishment, removal of waste and protection, and it travels via the ventricles. There are lateral ventricles, the third ventricle and the fourth ventricle.

Hydrocephalus is a buildup of CSF.

Discuss cerebral blood supply and the Circle of Willis

The aorta is the main artery of the heart. The aorta branches into the carotid arteries and subclavian arteries. The subclavian arteries branch into right and left vertebral arteries. The two vertebral arteries enter the skull and join to form the basilar artery, which branches out to form cerebral arteries.

The carotid arteries go up the neck and branch into internal and external carotid arteries. Then you have the middle cerebral artery and anterior cerebral artery which supply blood to several areas of the brain.

What are the three types of connecting fibers?

projection: connect between cortex and subcortical structures

association: within hemispheres

commissural: between hemispheres (corpus callosum)

What is language?

What is phonology?

What are phonemes?

What are allophones?

Code or system used to express concepts formed through exposure and experience

Scientific study of sound systems and patterns

Smallest unit of sound that can affect meaning

Variations of phonemes

What symbols do we use for broad phonetic transcription?

What are the parts of a syllable?

Onset: initial consonant or cluster of the syllable

Nucleus: vowel or diphthong

Coda: consonant at the end of the syllable

Open vs closed syllable

Open syllables end in vowels, closed end in consonants

What does vocalic describe?

Little constriction. Includes vowels and the consonants /l/ and /r/

What does consonantal describe?

Sounds with marked constriction. All the consonants except /l/ and /r/

What does lateral describe?

Sounds that create a lateral opening. Only /l/

What does back describe?

Sounds that are created by retraction of the tongue. /k/ /g/ and ng

What does continuant describe?

Sounds that are produced with an incomplete point of constriction. The airflow is not stopped. The speaker produces the sound until out of breath. These include the fricatives, glides, liquids and laterals and NOT nasals, stops and affricates

What does anterior describe?

Sounds that are produced with a point of constriction located anteriorly than that of [sh].

What does coronal describe?

Sounds that are produced when the tongue blade is raised above the normal schwa position.

What does round describe?

Sounds that are produced with round lips, such as /r/ and /w/

What does strident describe?

Sounds that are produced by forcing air through a small opening. These sounds are the affricates and fricatives (minus th)

What does sonorant describe?

Sounds that are produced by allowing airstream to pass uninterrupted through oral or nasal cavity. These are the nasals, glides and liquids

What are syllabic sounds?

Sounds that serve as the nucleus in a syllable. All vowels, nasals and liquids

What are obstruent sounds?

Sounds that have notable air obstruction. All affricates, fricatives and stops.

What are sibilant sounds?

Sounds that have longer duration and more stridency than other consonants. Affricates and fricatives.

What are approximants sounds?

Glides and liquids

What is simple harmonic motion?

The back and forth movement of particles when the movement is symmetrical and periodic. Also known as a sine wave

What is sinusoidal motion?

A wave with horizontal and vertical symmetry.

What is compression?

Density of sound molecules

What is rarefaction?

Thinning of air molecules

What is an aperiodic wave?

Waves that do not repeat themselves. Random vibratory patterns.

What is a period wave?

Waves that repeat themselves.

What is amplitude?

The magnitude and direction of displacement. The greater the amplitude, the louder the sound signal.

What is intensity?

The quality of sound that creates the sensation of loudness. Expressed in decibels.

What is density?

Mass per unit volume

What is oscillation?

The back and forth movement of air molecules because of a vibrating object

What is frequency?

Rate of vibratory motion that is measured in cycles per second. Also Hz.

What is natural frequency?

The frequency with which a source of sound normally vibrates. Determined by mass and stiffness.

What is fundamental frequency?

The lowest frequency of a periodic wave. The first harmonic.

What is a complex tone?

When two or more single frequency tones are combined. Can be periodic or aperiodic.

What are free morphemes?

What are bound morphemes?

Free morphemes can stand alone. Ex. Ocean

Bound morphemes may change a word: Ex. Oceans

What is a passive sentence?

What is a active sentence?

What is an interrogative sentence?

What is a declarative sentence?

What is an imperative sentence?

What is an exclamatory sentence?

What is a compound sentence?

What is a complex sentence?

Subject receives action. "The cat was pet by Mark"

Subject performs actions. "Mark pet the cat"

Questions

Statements

Commands

Strong feelings

Two independent clauses joined by conjunction, common or semicolon

An independent clause and a dependent clause. "I will drive my car to Reno (in) if I have enough gas (dep).

What is the difference between direct and indirect requests?

Direct requests say exactly what they want whereas indirect requests convey politeness. Usually happens around age 6.

What is a line of regard?

The line of regard is what the baby is looking at.

What language milestones do babies exhibit from 0-3 months?

Startle to loud sounds

Visually track or move eyes to source of sound

Attend to and turn head to voices

Smile reflexively

Cry for assistance

Coos

Vocalizes vowels

What language milestones do babies exhibit from 4-6 months?

Respond to "come here" or similar by raising arms

Looks towards family members when named

Explores vocal mechanism by growling, squealing, yelling, raspberries

More adult like vowels

Marginal babbling. Baba

Varies pitch of vocalizations

Responds to name

Vocalizes pleasure and displeasure

Varies pitch, volume and rate

What language milestones do babies exhibit from 7-9 months?

Looks at common objects when named

Comprehends no

Begins some gestural language

Uses a wide variety of sound combos

Uses intonation patterns

Imitates intonation patterns and speech sounds

Variegated babbling

Uncovers hidden toy (beginning of object permanence)

What language milestones do babies exhibit from 10-12 months?

Understands around 10 words

Begins to relate symbol and object. Use first word

Gives block or toy upon request

Obeys some commands

Understands simple directions followed with gesture or body action

Looks in correct place for hidden toy

Turns head to own name

Gestures or vocalizes to indicate wants and needs

Uses wide variety of sounds and intonations

Uses all consonants and vowels in vocal play

Describe pragmatic development during the first year.

Perlocutionary behavior: the child lacks communicative intent

Illocutionary behavior: uses intentional communication

Locutionary state: begin to use words

Joint reference

What does syntax look like in a child between the ages of 1-2 years?

Holophrastic: single-word phrases. For example, "up" might mean "please pick me up because i don't want to sit and play anymore"

Average MLU is 1.0-2.0

The child might also express themselves by using one word and vocal cues.

They can typically produce 50 words and then start putting those two words together.

What does semantics look like in a child between the ages of 1-2 years?

Typically produce 50 words and understand about 200.

Holophrastic speech.

Using more nominals and verbs.

They will use overextensions.

Have emerging negation with phrases like "all gone"

Answers the question "what is this" and responds to yes/no questions

Follows one-step commands

Points to 1-5 body parts

Asks for more

Listens to stories

Refers to self with pronoun and name

Verbalizes immediate experience

What does pragmatics look like in a child between the ages of 1-2 years?

Presuppositions emerge.

Use language to signal intent. Halliday's seven functions of communicative intent:

Imaginative: pretend or play-acting

Heuristic: have environment and experiences explained to them.

Regulatory: control behaviors of others

Personal: express own feelings and attitudes

Informative: to tell someone something

Instrumental: to get assistance or materials from others

Interactional: initiates with others.

What does syntax look like in a child between the ages of 2-3 years?

Uses word combos

Average MLU of 2.0-4.0

Combines 3-4 words

Uses telegraphic speech

Asks wh questions

Expresses negation

What does semantics look like in a child between the ages of 2-3 years?

Comprehends around 2400-3600 words

Expresses 200-600 words

Learn meaning of objects -> events -> actions -> adjectives -> adverbs -> spatial concepts -> time concepts

Answers simple wh questions

Can identify body parts

Carries out 1-2 step commands

Understands plurals

Can give simple account of experiences

What does morphology look like in a child between the ages of 2-3 years?

Develops ing

Simple irregular past tense

Develops were and is

Develops ed

Overregularizes ed

Knows in, on and possessives

What does pragmatics look like in a child between the ages of 2-3 years?

Usually egocentric

Rapid topic shift

What does syntax look like in a child between the ages of 3-4 years?

Uses clauses in sentences

Complex verb phrases

Modal verbs (should, would, could)

Uses embedded forms (the man who came to dinner stayed a week)

Passive voice

Complete sentences. MLU 5-5.5

Mostly nouns, verbs and personal pronouns

Negation

Complex and compound sentences

What does semantics look like in a child between the ages of 3-4 years?

Comprehends about 4200-5600 words

Uses 900-1000 words

Asks how, why and when

Understands some opposites

Knows name, street and nursery rhymes

Labels most things

Answers questions appropriately

Can complete opposite analogies

Uses pronouns

Undestands agent-action

What does morphology look like in a child between the ages of 3-4 years?

Uses irregular plural forms

Uses third person singular

Uses ing and negatives

Plurals

Uses is at beginning of sentence

Uses contractions

Possessive markers

Uses myself, is, are, am and because

What does pragmatics look like in a child between the ages of 3-4 years?

Can maintain conversation

Begins to modify speech to age of listener

Uses indirectives

Uses requests

Uses conversational devices

Uses communicative functions such as role playing, protests, jokes, game markers, claims, warnings and teasing

What does syntax look like in a child between the ages of 4-5 years?

MLU of 4.5-7.0

Speaks in complete sentences

Uses future tense

Uses if and so in sentences

Uses passive voice

What does semantics look like in a child between the ages of 4-5 years?

Uses concrete meanings and words, but responds to some abstract ideas appropriately

Expresses about 1500-2000 words

Comprehends 5600-6500 words

Can name items in category

Uses most pronouns

Uses why and how

Understands time concepts

Asks meaning of words

Shows objects by use and function

Identifies past and future verbs

What does morphology look like in a child between the ages of 4-5 years?

Uses comparatives

Uses irregular plurals

What does pragmatics look like in a child between the ages of 4-5 years?

Modifies speech depending on listener

Begins to judge grammatical correctness

Can maintain topic

Uses egocentric monologue

Uses indirect speech

Begins to tell jokes

What is the behavioral theory of language development?

Skinner is the main guy. States that verbal behaviors are acquired under appropriate stimulation, response and reinforcement. Language is learned, not innate. Environment and social interactions are important.