L3 + L4: Phono Definition

check definition, BT True/False

phoneme

the smallest segment of sound which can distinguish two words

How many phonemes in English?

44 phonemes: 24 consonants; 20 vowels

a minimal pair

Pair of words which differ by only one phoneme in identical environment

Vd: pit - bit; back - bag; rhyme - lime

allophones (đồng vị âm)

the variants of phonemes that occur in speech

Why are there allophones?

the way a phoneme is pronounced is conditioned by the sounds around it or by its position in the word.

Eg: /t/

phonemic / broad transcription

a transcription in which each phoneme is represented by one phonemic symbol

phoneme, phonemic

Phonemic/broad transcription is a transcription in which each ….. is represented by one ….. symbol

phonetic / narrow transcription

a transcription which contains a lot of information about the exact quality of the sounds

Substituting allophones only results in a different pronunciation of the same words. True or False

True

Substituting allophones only results in a different word. True or False

false

Substituting one phoneme for another will result in a word with a different meaning as well as a different pronunciation. True or false

true

Substituting one phoneme for another will result in a word with a different meaning, not different pronunciation. True or false

false

Substituting one phoneme for another does not change the meaning and pronunciation of a word. True or false

false

It is a phonetic unit which consists of a vowel as the centre (nucleus) and/or consonant(s) before and after it.

It can be part of a word or it can coincide with a word.

a syllable

A syllable can be part of a word or it can coincide with a word. True or false

true

Structure of English syllables

onset (optional) - nucleus - coda (optional)

stress

An extra force exerted on a particular syllable or a particular word in spoken language.

word stress

- an extra force put on a particular syllable of the word.

- It is usually fixed.

sentence stress

- an extra force put on a particular word in a sentence.

- It is not fixed. It depends on the speaker’s feelings and attitudes and the message that he wants to get across to the listener

Primary stress (tonic/nuclear)

- The strongest type of stress.

- Marked by a small vertical line high up just before the syllable it relates to /ˈ/

Secondary stress (non-tonic)

Weaker than primary stress, but stronger than unstressed syllables.

• Usually found in words of four or five syllables.

• Represented in transcription with a low mark

Intonation

The patterns of pitch variation in a sentence

• A meaningful suprasegmental feature of speech:

• Affect the meaning of the sentence.

• Indicate the attitude or relation of the speaker to the hearer.

• Show various contextual features.

Intonation is not meaningful suprasegmental feature of speech. True or false

false

Tonic syllable

Within the tone group, there is usually a single syllable that stands out because it carries a major pitch change.

Long falling

shows finality, conclusion, affirmation, agreement

short falling

shows attenuated or qualified conclusion

Long rising

show questioning and a lack of finality

short rising

shows some degree of reservation or a signal of attentiveness (continuation marker)

rising-falling

shows finality with added emotion

falling-rising

shows querulousness, skepticism, reservation

Tone group

The part of a sentence over which a particular intonation pattern extends

A short sentence often forms a single tone group, while

longer ones are made up of two or more. True or false

True