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Anabolism
the pathway start with small precursor molecules and convert them into larger and more complex molecules and require the input of energy
the pathway degrade organic nutrients into simple end products in order to extract chemical energy and convert it into a form useful to the cell
Catabolism
cannot use atmospheric carbon dioxide and must obtain carbon from their environment in the form of relatively complex organic molecules such as glucose and proteins
Heterotrophs
Autotrophs
can use carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as their sole source of carbon from which they construct all their carbon containing biomolecules
electron transport chain
series of electron carriers; each carrier exist in oxidized or reduced form
citric acid cycle/Kreb's cycle
oxidation of the products of food breakdown releases energy which is carried by nadh and fadh2 molecules to be turn into atp later
lactid acid
in our muscles fermentation forms:
fermentation
this occurs when oxygen is not available
Glycolysis
breaks a molecule of glucose into two pyruvic acids; occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells with or without oxygen;
cellular respiration
energy captured in photosynthesis is released by organisms by several chemical pathways; breaks down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
porphyrin ring
light-absorbing head of molecule
the adp/atp cycle
is a method for renewing the supply of atp that is constantly being used up in the cell
anaerobic respiration
produces much less ATP because no oxygen os involved
aerobic respiration
is the main ATP-producing pathway
ATP
is composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups
chlorophyll
is the primary light-gathering pigment of plants
photosynthesis
process by which plants use the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high energy carbohydrates and oxygen
light-dependent reaction
require light; happen in photosystems on thylakoid membranes; sunlight splits water into H+ and O2
mesophyll cells
where does photosynthesis happens? it contain chloroplasts which have thylakoids where reactions occur
ATP Adenosine triphosphate
normal molecule that cells used to store and release energy; used to power all cellular work
heterotrophs
consumers; organisms which get their food from other organisms; most use cellular respiration
autotrophs
producers; organisms which can make their food; most use photosynthesis
kinetic & potential
2 types of energy
energy
capacity to perform work
bioenergetics
the quantitative study of energy transduction in living cells and the physical-chemical nature underlying these processes
bioenergetics
the study of energy flow in living organisms
energy
for any physical activity, _______ must be made and used by the body to accomplish a task
bioenergetics
a discipline within biochemistry dedicated to the study of energy flow in living systems