BIOENERGENETICS

Anabolism

the pathway start with small precursor molecules and convert them into larger and more complex molecules and require the input of energy

the pathway degrade organic nutrients into simple end products in order to extract chemical energy and convert it into a form useful to the cell

Catabolism

cannot use atmospheric carbon dioxide and must obtain carbon from their environment in the form of relatively complex organic molecules such as glucose and proteins

Heterotrophs

Autotrophs

can use carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as their sole source of carbon from which they construct all their carbon containing biomolecules

electron transport chain

series of electron carriers; each carrier exist in oxidized or reduced form

citric acid cycle/Kreb's cycle

oxidation of the products of food breakdown releases energy which is carried by nadh and fadh2 molecules to be turn into atp later

lactid acid

in our muscles fermentation forms:

fermentation

this occurs when oxygen is not available

Glycolysis

breaks a molecule of glucose into two pyruvic acids; occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells with or without oxygen;

cellular respiration

energy captured in photosynthesis is released by organisms by several chemical pathways; breaks down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

porphyrin ring

light-absorbing head of molecule

the adp/atp cycle

is a method for renewing the supply of atp that is constantly being used up in the cell

anaerobic respiration

produces much less ATP because no oxygen os involved

aerobic respiration

is the main ATP-producing pathway

ATP

is composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups

chlorophyll

is the primary light-gathering pigment of plants

photosynthesis

process by which plants use the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high energy carbohydrates and oxygen

light-dependent reaction

require light; happen in photosystems on thylakoid membranes; sunlight splits water into H+ and O2

mesophyll cells

where does photosynthesis happens? it contain chloroplasts which have thylakoids where reactions occur

ATP Adenosine triphosphate

normal molecule that cells used to store and release energy; used to power all cellular work

heterotrophs

consumers; organisms which get their food from other organisms; most use cellular respiration

autotrophs

producers; organisms which can make their food; most use photosynthesis

kinetic & potential

2 types of energy

energy

capacity to perform work

bioenergetics

the quantitative study of energy transduction in living cells and the physical-chemical nature underlying these processes

bioenergetics

the study of energy flow in living organisms

energy

for any physical activity, _______ must be made and used by the body to accomplish a task

bioenergetics

a discipline within biochemistry dedicated to the study of energy flow in living systems