[PSM] Brock Chapter 1, 2, 4

#28 chap 2

Robert Koch

Microbiologist who worked on the germ theory of the disease

Ferdinand Cohn

Who was one of the key innovators for the prevention of contamination of pure culture

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Vibrio cholerae

What bacteria did Robert Koch isolate?

Martinus Beijerinck

Who developed the concept of enrichment culture technique for the selective culture of specific types of microorganisms from natural samples?

Sergei Winogradsky

Scientist who isolated the first N₂ fixing bacterium (C. pasteurianum) and developed the concept of bacterial fixation

Clostridium pasteurianum

N₂ fixing bacterium that Winogradsky was able to isolate?

Evolution

Differential selection and reproduction of phenotypes occurs during a process called?

D) in the oceanic and terrestrial subsurfaces

Most prokaryotic cells reside

A) on Earth's surface.

B) in lakes, rivers, and oceans.

C) in and on nonprokaryotic organisms (including humans and other animals).

D) in the oceanic and terrestrial subsurfaces

B) Antoni van Leeuwenhoek.

The person who described the "wee animalcules" was

A) Robert Hooke.

B) Antoni van Leeuwenhoek.

C) Louis Pasteur.

D) Ferdinand Cohn.

C) Fanny Hesse

This person is credited with giving the idea to Robert Koch use agar as a solidifying agent.

A) Louis Pasteur

B) Ferdinand Cohn

C) Fanny Hesse

D) Sergei Winogradsky

D) They lack ribosomal RNA.

Deduce why viruses are excluded from the ribosomal RNA -based tree of life.

A) Some viruses contain multiple strands of RNA.

B) Their genetic elements cannot be sequenced.

C) They can infect other organisms, which complicates the genetic comparisons.

D) They lack ribosomal RNA.

B) Microbial communities are assemblages of populations.

Which statement is TRUE?

A) Populations are assemblages of microbial communities.

B) Microbial communities are assemblages of populations.

C) Habitats are assemblages of microbial communities.

D) Populations are assemblages of habitats.

Anthrax, Fowl Cholera, Rabies

Louis Pasteur developed the vaccines for what disease?

C) kill all microbes in or on objects.

Microbial sterilization is used to

A) decrease the possibility of contaminants growing in a culture.

B) kill bacteria but not necessarily viruses or other microbes.

C) kill all microbes in or on objects.

D) clean a work area.

Nodules, Rumens

Microbes playing a role in nitrogen fixation in plants live in [__] , While those playing a role in the digestive tract of certain herbivores live in [__]

B) is a population of identical cells.

A pure culture

A) is sterile.

B) is a population of identical cells.

C) is made of a clearly defined chemical medium.

D) contains one microbial cell.

B) oxidation of inorganic compounds.

Chemolithotrophy involves

A) oxidation of organic compounds.

B) oxidation of inorganic compounds.

C) reduction of organic compounds.

D) metabolic autotrophy.

Tuberculin or Mantoux test

What test was developed by Robert Koch to determine the presence of TB bacteria in the body?

C) identifying quorum sensing interactions among bacteria

Which scientific objective is LEAST related to microbial genetics?

A) determining the ancestral origin of a recently discovered bacterium

B) identifying mutations in a bacterial population

C) identifying quorum sensing interactions among bacteria

D) manipulating a microorganism for bioremediation

Differentiation

Some microorganisms can undergo [____] in which various cell types can become specialized and arise from one parent cell type.

Cyanobacteria, Oxygen

Cyanobacteria and purple bacteria both obtain energy from light. However, only the [__] are capable of releasing [__]

C) form endospores.

Bacillus anthracis deficient in its ability to differentiate would not be able to

A) chemotax towards growth substrates.

B) create vessicles.

C) form endospores.

D) grow without additional supplemented nutrients.

Microbial biochemistry

This field involves the discovery of microbial biomolecules, enzymes, and metabolic pathways and the functions they perform

3.8 to 3.9

Microbial cells first evolved on Earth approximately [___] billion years ago.

Microbial Populations

Groups of cells derived from a single parent cell by successive cell divisions

Microbial Habitats

Environments wherein microbial populations live in

Mold, Robert Hooke

The first documented description of a microorganism was of a [__] by [__]

Ethanol

Biofuel produced by microbial fermentation of glucose from cellulose or cornstarch

Robert Hooke

First person to describe microorganisms

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

First person to see bacteria

Cyanobacteria

Approximately two billion years ago, [___] were primarily responsible for initially oxygenating Earth.

Sergei Winogradsky, Chemolithotrophy

[__] was the first to identify a new form of autotrophy in which energy is obtained from oxidizing inorganic compounds called [__]

FALSE

T/F: All microorganisms require molecular oxygen to carry on life functions.

Metabolism

Unifying characteristic of all cellular organisms

Treponema pallidum

Bacterium associated with syphilis

Twitching motility

Motility associated with type IV pili

D) higher / higher

Compared to Eukaryotes, Bacteria and Archaea have [__] surface-to-volume ratios, causing [___] nutrient exchange and growth rates.

A) lower / lower

B) lower / higher

C) higher / lower

D) higher / higher

Diglycerol tetraethers

The presence of this compound enables the unique phospholipids in some archaea’s cytoplasmic membrane to form a monolayer

D) nutrient concentration is very low in the environment, is higher inside of the cell, or diffusion is not possible.

Carrier-mediated transport is necessary when

A) diffusion will not allow adequate amounts of a substance to enter the cell.

B) movement into the cell is against a concentration gradient.

C) the level of nutrients in nature is very low.

D) nutrient concentration is very low in the environment, is higher inside of the cell, or diffusion is not possible.

A) ATP.

Nutrient transport requires energy because the nutrients must be transported into the cell against a concentration gradient. The energy required for nutrient transport is supplied by

A) ATP.

B) the proton motive force.

C) phosphoenol pyruvate.

D) ATP, the proton motive force, or phosphoenol pyruvate.

C) The cells of the new unknown microorganism may be too small to see with the objective and ocular lenses you used.

You have discovered a new microorganism, but you want to know if it is a eukaryote or a prokaryote. To investigate this question you prepare a slide with a simple stain and view it with a light microscope with a 40X objective lens and 10X ocular lens. You also prepare a control slide using Saccharomyces cerevisiae (a unicellular eukaryote). You can see the cells on your control slide, but you don't see cells when you look at your unknown microorganism. What can you conclude from this experiment?

A) The experiment failed to visualize the organism because the stain killed it.
B) Your new unknown microorganism is probably a virus.
C) The cells of the new unknown microorganism may be too small to see with the objective and ocular lenses you used.
D) The new unknown microorganism is probably an archaeon.

B) gram-negative / pink

You are given an electron micrograph of a bacterial cell. In the micrograph you can clearly see three thin layers of different densities surrounding the cell. Based on the micrograph, you can infer that this cell is and would appear after application of the Gram stain procedure.

A) gram-positive / purple

B) gram-negative / pink

C) gram-positive / pink

D) gram-negative / purple

peptidoglycan

In gram-positive Bacteria, the cell walls are composed mainly of thick ___ layers.

C) most likely an archaeon.

You have discovered a new coccoid-shaped microorganism with no nucleus, a rigid cell wall, and a diameter of 2 um. Chemical tests reveal that its cell wall does NOT contain peptidoglycan. The new microorganism is

A) most likely a bacterium.

B) most likely a eukaryote.

C) most likely an archaeon.

D) either a bacterium or an archaeon.

Hydrolytic

These enzymes function in the initial degradation of nutrients

Swimming

Using phase contrast microscopy on a wet mount of live cells, you observe motile bacilli moving rapidly and randomly through the field of view, changing directions after a brief tumble and taking off in a different direction. What is the motility type?

Flagellin

Flagellar protein subunit

Basal Body

In flagellar motion, this portion of the flagella acts as the motor.

TRUE

T/F: Fimbriae are usually shorter than flagella and enable cells to adhere to surfaces

TRUE

T/F: Pili are involved in genetic exchange

FALSE

T/F: Fimbriae are usually longer than flagella and enable cells to adhere to surfaces

Cellular Inclusions

These organelles in prokaryotic cells store energy rich compounds and position cells in the appropriate environment for survival

Gas vesicles

These prokaryotic organelles confer buoyancy on cells by decreasing their density

B) proteins.

The membrane of a gas vesicle is composed of

A) various phospholipids.

B) proteins.

C) carbohydrates.

D) both glycoproteins and phospholipids.

Ester

Linkages in the lipids in the cytoplasmic membrane of Bacteria

Ether

Linkages in the lipids in the cytoplasmic membrane of Fungi

Aquaporins

Water transport proteins

resolution

Electron microscopy has greater [__] than light microscopy, because the wavelengths of visible light are much larger than the wavelengths of electrons.

A) the ABC transport system.

The prokaryotic transport system that involves a substrate -binding protein, a membrane-integrated transporter, and an ATP-hydrolyzing protein is

A) the ABC transport system.

B) group translocation.

C) symport.

D) simple transport.

Negative, Teichoic acids

What is the charge of a gram-positive bacterial cell surface? What are the molecules responsible for this?

D) lipopolysaccharides (LPS).

Although the inner leaflet of the gram-negative outer membrane is composed mainly of phospholipids, the outer leaflet of the outer membrane contains

A) pseudopeptidoglycans.

B) lipoteichoic acids.

C) poly-B-hydroxybutyric acids (PHB).

D) lipopolysaccharides (LPS).

A) when bacterial growth ceases due to limitation of an essential nutrient

When does endospore formation commence?

A) when bacterial growth ceases due to limitation of an essential nutrient

B) when the bacterium is undergoing binary fission

C) when bacteria are dividing exponentially

D) following bacterial death

Hydrogenosomes

Aside from the mitochondria, this organelle also serves as the site of energy production in eukaryotic cells

C) both modify and sort proteins into those destined for secretion and those that function in membrane structures

The Golgi complex functions to

A) modify and secrete proteins to the external environment.

B) sort proteins used within the cell.

C) both modify and sort proteins into those destined for secretion and those that function in membrane structures.

D) synthesize proteins.

Nucleolus

Site of rRNA synthesis

Proton motive force

Energy source derived from charge separation across the cytoplasmic membrane

Small acid-soluble proteins (SASPs)

Proteins found in endospores that protect DNA from UV light

C) gram-positive Bacteria.

The peptide interbridge crosslinking between peptidoglycan layers is found ONLY in the cell walls of :

A) Archaea.

B) Eukarya.

C) gram-positive Bacteria.

D) gram-negative Bacteria.

D) attachment to surfaces, twitching motility, and pathogenesis.

Type IV pili are involved in

A) attachment of cells to surfaces.

B) twitching motility.

C) pathogenesis.

D) attachment to surfaces, twitching motility, and pathogenesis.

Hopanoids

If eukaryotes have sterols in their cytoplasmic membranes to stabilize their membranes and make it less flexible, what is the equivalent of these molecules for bacteria?

C) lipopolysaccharide

Some of the intestinal symptoms elicited by pathogens such as Salmonella, Shigella, and Escherichia are due to the presence of

A) pseudomurein.

B) S-layers.

C) lipopolysaccharides,

D) peptidoglycan.

A) phase-contrast microscopy

Which of the following types of microscopy can be used with live cells?

A) phase-contrast microscopy

B) transmission electron microscopy

C) bright-field microscopy

D) scanning electron microscopy

B) transmission electron microscopy

Which of the following types of microscopy could be used to visualize the layers of the cell membrane and the cell wall?

A) phase-contrast microscopy

B) transmission electron microscopy

C) bright-field microscopy

D) confocal microscopy