Intro to Biological Science -- Unit 1 Cancer (Done?)

levels of organization (smallest to largest)

atom, molecule, cell, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere.

Linnaean Classification (the sentence)

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

DNA Differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

eukaryotes have a membrane bound nucleus

Prokaryotes

all single-celled, Cells that do not contain nucleus

Eukaryotes

most but not all are single-celled; Cells that contain nuclei

prokaryote kingdoms

Bacteria and Archaea

eukaryote kingdoms

Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista

Natural Law

Proven law that cannot be changed

Theory

Not yet proven or perminent

Macromolecules

A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules (building blocks of life)

nucleic acids

DNA, RNA, and ATP

Macromolecule examples

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Hydrogen Bonds

the weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom; not a true chemical bond; generates polarity within a water molecule.

H2O properties attributed to Hydrogen Bonding

Great solvent, cell membranes don't dissolve, stabilizes temperature, expands when freezes, cohesive, adhesive

Proton

positive; atoms identity

Neutron

no charge, mass/stability

Electron

Negative, bonding particle

Element

A pure substance made of only one kind of atom

Isotopes

forms of an element that differ in the number of neutrons their atoms carry

Ion

forms of atoms that have an electrical charge caused by varying electrons

Ionic Bond

the attraction between oppositely charged ions; positive and negative; Ex. K+ and Cl-

Atom vacancies

atoms get rid of vacancies by transferring and sharing electrons.

covalent bond

atoms share electrons to complete outer shells and create a molecule in the process.

Interphase

The cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases

Mitosis

A nuclear division of the chromosomes into each daughter cell.

Cytokinesis

The final stage of the cell cycle, in which the cell's cytoplasm divides, distributing the organelles into each of the two new cells.

Phases of Mitosis (in order)

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (PMAT)

Prokaryotes (mitosis)

Used as a small part of asexual reproduction

Prophase

Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Anaphase

Chromatids divorce

Telophase

Cell division completes

Cytokenesis in animal cells

Two new daughter cells are formed

independent variable

variable that is manipulated

control variable

A variable that is kept constant during a controlled experiment.

The Scientific Method

begins with observations

chemical bonds

the attraction between two atoms resulting from the sharing or transfer of outer electrons

Anion

A negatively charged ion

Cation

A positively charged ion

polar covalent bond

chemical bond with an unequal sharing of electrons

nonpolar covalent bond

a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally by the two atoms

cell membrane

A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.

Nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

Endoplasmic Reticulum

rough builds proteins and smooth builds lipids

Lysosomes and Peroxisomes

These organelles break down the cell's waste products and detoxify poisons and break down molecules.

After DNA replication has completed, each new double helix contains how many strands of newly synthesized DNA?

one

which word describes the relationship between the two blue sequences of DNA?

complementary to eachother

which word describes the relationship between the two red sequences of DNA?

complementary to eachother

After the process of DNA replication and cell division, how many genes will be present in each of the daughter cells relative to the original cell?

The same number

How many original strands of DNA does each daughter cell receive?

one

Cancer

Disease of uncontrolled cell division; they don't work and commodore blood supply; 40% of Americans will be diagnosed with cancer. Appears in the S-phase; are not programed to die

How do cells become cancerous?

Mutation in the check point genes and tumor-suppressing genes. Exposure to carcinogens

carcinogens

Cancer causing agents; Physical, chemical, or biological

Apoptosis

When normal cells die

Mutation

a permanent change in a cell's DNA; Random and Spontanious

RNA Sequence

A=U
C=G

DNA Sequence

A=T and C=G

point mutation

a single nucleotide is substituted for another; causing a non-functioning or poorly functioning protein.

methyl group

On and Off switch

Air contaminates

smog, and vehicle emissions (lung, bladder, and breast cancer).

Water contaminates

Agricultural and industrial runoff (liver, lung, rectal, bladder, and kidney cancers)