Psychology 11 Semester 1 Final Review

Consciousness

Consciousness

the awareness of internal and external stimuli

Altered State of Consciousness

A radical deviation from overall pattern of functioning of the mind during the ordinary waking state of consciousness

Natural Ways

sleep, dream, nightmare, night terror

Unnatural Ways

psychoactive drugs, hypnosis, meditation

Sleep

A process in which important biological changes such as shifts in brain activity and slowing of basic bodily functions are accompanied by major shifts of consciousness

Functions of Sleep

Adaptive Response & Restorative Process

Adaptive Response

it increases an organism’s chance of survival

Restorative Process

it allows the repair and recovery from the wear and tear of the previous day’s activities

Aspects of Sleep

Sleep Schedule, Depth and Sleep, Voluntary and Involuntary Control of Sleep

Circadian Rhythm (body cycles)

A series of event during sleep: muscles relaxing, respiration slows down, temperatures drop, brain waves become slower

7-8 hours

Average Sleep Duration

Short Sleepers

doze off immediately, have less REM time, poor dream recall; ambitious, energetic and conformists

Long Sleepers

Restless much of then night, have twice REM time, have good dream recall, sleep more than average; introverted, sexual inhibited, and shy

Morning People

Wake up early in the morning, full of energy

Evening People

Take a little longer to warm up in the morning and are able to gain a lot of energy in the afternoon and in the evening

Depth and Sleep

The brain waves of a sleeping person can be amplified and measured using an electroencephalograph or EEG machine; includes the study of the stages of sleep

Electroencephalogram

The recording of such electrical activity in the brain

EEG

Electroencephalo-Graph

Twilight State

An experience of failing or floating sensation

REM (Rapid Eye Movement)

Referred to as paradoxical sleep because the EEG pattern resembles that of the waking stage; person remains asleep and is incapable of movement since the voluntary muscles are essentially paralyzed

Voluntary Control

Deciding when to sleep and when to stay awake (i.e. napping)

Involuntary Control

Has something to do with sleep problems and disturbances

Common Sleep Problems

Insomnia, Somnambulism, Narcolepsy, and Apnea

Insomnia

difficulty and deficiency in sleep

Somnambulism

sleepwalking and sleep talking

Narcolepsy

is characterized by an uncontrollable tendency to fall asleep

Apnea

is characterized by breathing difficulty and even cessation of breathing while the person is asleep

Dreams

are products of imagination in which memories or fantasies are temporarily confused with reality; spontaneous non-voluntary quality that distinguishes them from ordered rational thinking; the processes that control dreams are still hidden or remain a mystery

Crick and Mitchison

a mechanism for debugging and tuning the network cells in the cerebral cortex

Activation-synthesis Theory

view dreams as the brain attempts to make sense of neutral activities that take place during sleep

Calvin Hall

said that dreams are extensions of everyday experience

Freud’s Two Forms of Dreams

Latent Dream & Manifest Dream

Latent Dream

the hidden thought/desire/conflict indirectly expressed through the dream

Manifest Dream

the remembered content of the dream

Symbolization

A tendency for images in a dream stand for something else by reason of similarity, relationship, appearance, unconscious association

Fritz Perls

originator of Gestalt Therapy; considered dreams as a special message about what is missing in our lives, what we avoid doing, or feelings that need to be renowned; dreams are the royal road to integration

Jaime Bulatao, SJ

Dreams take their origin from the unconscious; the unconscious is the repository of vast knowledge and information; to understand dream, therefore, the dreamer can ask the unconscious, that can be carried out by inducing a trance state in the mind or hypnosis

Deja Vu

the illusion of remembering scenes and events when experienced for the first time; a feeling that one has seen or heard something before

Anxiety REM Nightmare

typically occurs late in the sleep cycle at the end of a very long REM period; a frightening dream, usually brief with a slight or no movement at all; always involves some danger; occurs when one is recovering from illness such as a high fever that often reduce the amount of REM sleep

Night Terror

occurs during stage 4 of NREM sleep; involves violent body movement (such as screaming or getting out of bed); panic attack may last 15-20 minutes; when it is over, the person, awakens, drenched in perspiration and little memory of the terror itself

Bangungot Syndrome

written about by Dr. Paz Mendoza Guazon in 1915; neither nightmare nor night terror; victims are typically healthy males, about 20-40 years old; who had a heavy meal before going to sleep

Memory

is the function that involves reliving past experiences; is the totality of past experiences that can be remembered; is a specific past experience

Three Process in Memory

Encoding, Storage, Retrieval

Encoding

the process we use to transform information so that it can be stored or putting something into a form that the memory can handle

Storage

Holding onto the information; this process involves maintaining the coded information within the memory system

Retrieval

Bringing the memory out of storage and reversing the process of encoding

Short Term Memory (Working Memory)

takes over when the information in our sensory memory is transferred to our consciousness or our awareness; can definitely last longer than sensory memory (up to 30 seconds or so0, but it still has a very limited capacity;

Working Memory

the process that takes places when we continually focus on a material for longer than STM along will allow

Displacement

means that new information will push out part of the old information

Long Term Memory

similar to the permanent storage of a computer; is relatively permanent and practically unlimited in terms of its storage capacity

Subcategories of LTM

Declarative Memory & Non-declarative Memory

Declarative Memory

memories for facts, life events, and information about our environment

Semantic Memory

factual knowledge like the meaning of words, concepts, and our ability to do math

Episodic Memory

memories for events and situations

Non-declarative (or implicit) Memory

this subcategory is often not thought of as memory because it refers to internal rather than external information

Repetition

Tendency to remember things more when they are rehearsed; other times, information is transferred because it is somehow attached to something significant

Forgetting

Counterpart of remembering; as much we do remember, we forget even more

Decay through disuse, Interference Effect, Repression, and Amnesia

What are the reasons why we forget?

Decay Through Disuse

information that is not used for an extended period of time decays or fades away over time

Interference Effect

caused by distractions going on around us or possibly due to an error of association

Retroactive Inhibition

new learning may interfere with materials previously learned

Proactive Inhibition

when materials that we have previously learned interfere with the recall of something newly learned

Repression

We purposely push a memory out of reach because we do not want to remember the associated feelings. (Ex.: adults ‘forget’ incidences of sexual abuse when they were children)

Amnesia

which can be psychological or physiological in origin

Rehearsal

saying things over an dover again

Chunking

items are isolated so that it is meaningful and easy to remember

Mnemonics

verbal organization, method of loci and peg method

Verbal organization

facilitated by devices such as verse, the phonological organization of word sequences, fixed rhythm, rhyme and alliteration

Method of Loci

utilizes imagery as a means to facilitate encoding, storage, retrieval; a person visualizes each of the items to be remembered in a different spatial location

Peg Method

utilizes numbers

Key-Word Technique

items to be remembered are associated with other items that are easier to recall

Anterograde Amnesia

difficulty forming new memories; these individuals have no problems recalling events prior to the damage to the hippocampus, but cannot remember events experienced after the damage

Retrograde Amnesia

where the damage is not localized to just one structure in the brain; several head injuries or brain concussions lead to symptoms of retrograde amnesia; these symptoms typically include memory loss for events prior to the event that caused the amnesia

Alzheimer’s Disease

which results from the “eating away” of the brain by plagues and tangles, usually starting with the hippocamps and later on affecting other areas of the brain including those with memory functions

Emotion

a feeling or agitation involving internal and external bodily changes; a condition of upset that drives that individual to move

Motivation

often aroused by internal stimuli and are “naturally“ directed toward certain objects in the environment

Components of Emotion

Body response (arousal), Expressive reaction, Subjective experience

Body Response (arousal)

Increased blood pressure, heart rate, muscle tension, respiration

Expressive Reaction

facial expression & acting out

Subjective Experience

Feeling of happiness, anger, fear, etc.

Attitudes, Moods & Interests

Three Emotional States

Attitudes

are tendencies or dispositions to act in a characteristic way in certain situations; the dispositions can be either positive or negative

Moods

are mild, usually transitory emotions

Interests

are milder states and represent tendencies to seek certain experiences

James-Lange Theory

The theory hypothesizes that physiological stimuli arousal causes the autonomic nervous system (ANS) to react which in turn causes individuals to experience emotions.

Facial-Feedback Theory

Suggests that facial expressions are crucial to experiencing emotion. This theory is hypothesized that facial expressions impact emotion as opposed to their being a response to an emotion.

Cannon-Bard Theory

was developed to refute the James-Lange theory; this theory posits that bodily changes and emotions occur simultaneously instead of one night after the other

Schachter-Singer Theory

this theory introduces the element of reasoning into the process of emotion; the theory hypothesizes that when we experience an event that causes physiological arousal, we try to find a reason for the arousal; then we experience the emotion

Cognitive Appraisal Theory

this theory of emotion hypothesizes that thinking must occur before experiencing emotion; thus, a person would first experience a stimulus, think, and then simultaneously experience a physiological response and the emotion

Subjective Feelings

the appraisal is accompanied by feelings that range from positive to negative, mild to intense, and weak to potent

Active Tendencies

emotions carry behavior intentions and the readiness to act in certain ways

Personality

Refers to individual differences and distinctive patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving; it is derived from dispositions and inclinations both innate and along with environmental factors and experiences

Frustration, Conflict, & Stress

What happens when inadequate techniques pose as a threat to adjustment?

Frustration

is an unpleasant emotion that occurs when progress towards a desired goal or wish is blocked; there two sources of frustration, the external obstacles and the internal obstacles

Conflict

is a major source of frustration; it comes from having to decide between contradictory or incompatible demands, wishes, desires, and motives; the satisfaction of one leads to the frustration of the other

Five Forms of Conflict

Approach-Approach Conflict, Approach-Avoidance Conflict, Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict, Double Approach-Avoidance Conflict, Ambivalence

Approach-Approach Conflict

A conflict that presents the individual a goal or situation with two positive or desirable alternatives

Approach-Avoidance Conflict

A conflict that presents the individual with a goral or situation having both positive and negative qualities

Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict

A conflict difficult to resolve which comes from having to choose between two negative or undesirable qualities

Double Approach-Avoidance Conflict

A conflict involving two alternatives, each one has positive and negative qualities