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W.E.B. Du Bois
Scholar and activist who founded and edited The Crisis, the influential monthly journal for the NAACP. Through essays on black history, culture, and education and politics ____ explored the concept of “double conciousness”. Black people, he argued, would always feel the tension between an African heritage and their desire to assimilate as Americans
Brooker T. Washington
He won recognition as the most influential black leader of his day. In 1881 he founded Tuskegee Institute. He becamse the leading spokesman for radical accomidation, urging blacks to focus on economic improvement and self-reliance, as opposed to political and civil rights. Publically he insisted that “agitation of questions of social equality is the extremest folly.” But privately, he spent money and worked behind the scenes trying to halt disinfranchisement and segregation.
Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr
One of the most important dissenters on the US Supreme Court in regards to the 14th Amendment as a bulwark for big business and a foe of social reform measures. He believed that the law had to take into account changing social conditions. And courts should take care not to invalidate social legislation enacted democratically. His views influnced a generation of lawyers who began practicing what came to be called sociological jurisprudence
Russo-Japanese War (1904)
The outbreak of war in 1904 startled the west with smashing naval victory by a “nonwestern/civilized” power at Tsushima Straits. Theodore Roosevelt led the Portsmouth Peace Confrence that ended this conflict, winning a Nobel Peace Prize. Set the state for that emergence of major Asian power.
Roosevelt Corollary
Expansion of the Monroe Doctrine. This policy regarding US actions in the Western Hemisphere basically articulates that it is in the USA’s best interest to be active in affairs of the Western Hemisphere on all levels and to use force as necessary; was given in an announcement before Congress aka “Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick.”
The Spanish American War
The event that first brought the United States to the stage of world power in 1898. Proponents of this brief incursion called it the “splendid" little war”
Ku Klux Klan
Perhaps the most prominent of the vigilante groups that terrorized black people in the South during the Reconstruction era, founded by the Confederate veterans in 1866. This group went on to become one of the most “popular” social groups during the early 20th century. The new ______, born in Stone Mountain, GA in 1915, was inspired by D.W. Griffith’s racist spectacle The Birth of a Nation, a film released in that year depicting the original ______ as a heroic organization. The new ________ patterned itself on the secret rituals and antiblack hostility of its predecessor. It advocated “100% Americanism” and “the faithful maintenance of White Supremacy.” While it still exists to this day, its power and influence have been substantially curtailed
John Muir
An essayist and founder of the modern environmentalist movement, he made a passionate and spiritual defense of the Sierra Club. Emphasized the preservation of wilderness lands against the encroachment of commercial expansion.
Annie Oakley
She was an Ohio-born lady who could shoot like the dickens. She was the first white woman hired by a Wild West outfit to fill a traditionally male role. She was, hands down, the finest woman sharpshooting entertainer of all time. And, at one time, she may have been the most famous woman in the American West or American East. She was, of course, ______ — her name nearly as well recognized to this day as it was of the bigger-than-life figure that hired her, Buffalo Bill. Sitting Bill gave her the nickname Watanya Cicilla (“Little Sure Shot”). In the early 20th century, she actually called Cambridge, MD her home.
Freedman’s Bureau
Agency established by Congress in March 1865 to provide social, educational, and economic services, advice and protection to former slaves and destitute whites; lasted seven years.
Slaughterhouse Cases
In one sweeping decision the US Supreme Court in 1873 contradictied the intent of the 14th Amendment by decreeing that most citizenship rights remained under state, not federal, control.
Compromise of 1877
The Congressional settling of the 1876 election which installed Republican Rutherford B. Hayes in the White House and gave Democrats control of all state governments in the south.
Calamity Jane
Old-timers always claimed she had a big heart when she was not drinking, but unfortunately that was not very often. Most Westerners also agreed she was generally liked but little respected, and she was hard to be around for long periods of time. She was a bullwhacker, a harlot, a scout, an occasional actress, and an accomplished liar. She traveled (mostly by bumming her way) throughout the West. By the late 1890’s , she had abused herself so thoroughly that contemporary described her as resembling “a busted bale of hay.” The rough old gal’s time ran out in Deadwood on August 1, 1903. Before she died, she requested to be buried beside her “true love”, Wild Bill Hickok (the request was granted, but there is little evidence that she knew Hickok more than casually.)
Geronimo
A brilliant Apache stragetist who became legendary for the lightening-swift raids against the white outposts in the rugger Arizona territory. To some, he was the last of the Chiricahua patriots, fighting to preserve his way of life. To others, he had outlived his time. He has achieved a notoriety accorded to only a very few American Indians. One could argue that his fame stems from the fact that his surrender in 1886 effectively marked the end of Indian resistance in North America. This once obscure Apache warrior, not even recognized by most Americans until he was in his mid-50s, has today become a legend of mythical proportions, and his fame steadily continues to grow.
Black Kettle
He has been potrayed as an honest man, a strong-willed man, an effective leader, a friend to the whites, a visionary, and a man of peace. According to some historians based on historical records and testimonies ____ was not effective in helping his people. His poor decision making and inability to control his warriors were disasterous for the tribe. General Philip H. Sheridan said ______ was ‘a worn out and worthless old cipher.’ Today, that assessment seems insensitve; in the 19th century, it was perhaps an accurate apprasial. There is much debate on the effectiveness of his leadership. Yet it is in the photographs of the Sand Creek Massacre that ______ lives on most in peoples’ minds. While he held up a US flag and white truce banner, a disorderly group of 700 men, many of them drunk, slaughtered 105 Cheyenne women and children and 28 men. They mutilated the corpses and took the scalps back to Denver to exhibit them as trophies. The blame for the tribe’s demise has sometimes been put on ______. The Sand Creek Massacre certainly demonstrates that the victums shouldn’t be the ones to blame.
Wild Bill Hickok
He was one of the West’s real men — a sharp-dressing sharpshooter who could be both tough and tender. He may have killed as many as 36 men, but likely his total was less than 10. In any case, he became legendary in his own time, mostly for his deeds as a peace officer, even if he was generally more interested in gambling than enforcing the law. His place in Deadwood’s history, or course, stems from the face that he was last seen alive in a local establishment, the Lewis and Mann No. 10 Saloon. On Sugust 2, 1876 _____ was immersed in a hand of poker when a lowlife named Jack McCall shot him in the back of the head. ______’s name and his final poker hand (Dead Man’s Hand, featuring aces and eights) has lived on in the annals of the West.
Ellis Alfred Swearengen
In April 1877, _____ opened his infamous Gem Theater in Deadwood, which also served as a dance hall, saloon, and more. He outfitted his new establishment with lavish decor and traveled as far as Chicago in search of exotic entertainment. Over the next decade, singers, dancers, comedians, contorionists, trapeze artists, and child actors thrilled the Gem’s audiences. The Gem, however, came to be known for activity of a more illicit nature. ______ enlisted young women to work as dancers and singers in his theater. Unbeknown to the to the star-struck ladies who journeyed from as far as the East Coast to seek employment at the Gem, his true intention for his new hires was a sinister one. Forced to work as prostitutes, the women recruited by ____ were routinely beaten, humiliated, and dosed with laudanum. The Gem’s mix of dancing, drinking, sex, and gambling proved to be a winning hand for _____, growwing more than $5,000 a night. Not surprisingly, it was also the cause of frequent trouble. Perhaps fate could not forgive his misdeeds. In 1899, the Gem was once again destroyed by fire. Mored in debt and abandoned by many of his top entertainers, he was unable to rebuild his beloved theater. Destitute and alone, he was killed in Denver while attempting to jump a train.
The Pony Express
The ____ was in business of one sort or another between April 3, 1860 and October 26, 1861. The story of the _____ is a bit like the story of Paul Revere’s ride — an actual historic event, rooted in fact and layered with centuries (a century and a half in the ______’s case) of fabrications, embellishments, and outright lies. Americans living on the Pacific slope in the newly minted state of California, drawn there by the Gold Rush, were desperate for the news of home. The _____ dramatically filled the gap by promising to deliver mail across the country from the end of the telegraph in the East to the start of the telegraph in the West, in 10 days time or less. The ______ was short-lived and its financial collapse essentially ruined its backers. Buffalo Bill Cody (1846-1917), though is the reason Americans remember the ____ today. Long before there were books about the ______, let alone motion pictures, Buffalo Bill’s Wild West presented the _______ rider — a feature in Cody’s extravaganza from the day it opened in Omaha, Nebraska, in 1883 until the day it closed in 1916.
Red Cloud
During the Great Sioux War of 1865-67 the Ogala Sioux Warrior _____ fought the US Army to a stalemate and forced the government to abandon its forts, which the Sioux then burned to the ground. (Most Native Americans prefer Lakota rather than the Siouxs). ______’s War (1866-68) was over, and he had won. He was the first Indian leader to win a war against the United States — and the last. The so-called ______ War had been a victory for the Indians. The Lakotas were granted a great territory that included the Black Hills in the mid 1870s and the government failed to keep out white prospectors. ______, who had come to recognize the hopelessness of challenging the overwhelming numbers of white men, did not ‘go shooting’, and that angered many of his people. Although he believed in compromise rather than war, _____ never stopped fighting to protect the Sioux culture. Like Tecumseh, he did not go out in a blaze of glory. ______ lived until 1909. But like Tecumseh, he had effectively resisted the white invasion… for a while.
Sitting Bull
After rejecting the Treaty of Fort Laramie, ____ became the recognized leader of not only the Hunkpapa bands but also all the other non-treaty Lakotas-Indians who were officially viewed as ‘hostile’ once they failed to obey the order to report to the reservations by January 31, 1876. The US Army sent soldiers to find these winter roamers. The Great Sioux of 1876-77 was about to begin. Although _____ and his allies had won a great battle, on June 25-26 at the Little Bighorn, they could not win the war. He became a friend of Annie Oakley’s while participating in Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show. In 1890, fearing his power as a spirtiual leader and the growing Ghost Dance ceremonies, Indian Agents dragged him out of his cabin. During a gunfight, a Lakota policeman shot _____ in the head.
Mary Feilds
Although she may have been one of the toughest women to ever work in a convent, ‘Black _______’ had earned the respect and devotion of most residents of the pioneer community of Casade, Montana, before she died in 1914. In fact, ______ was widely beloved. She was admired and respected throughout the region for holding her own and living on her own in a world where the odds were stacked against her. In a time when African Americans and women of any race enjoyed little freedom anywhere in the world, _____ enjoyed more freedom than most white men. She dressed in the comfortable clothes of a man, including a wool cap and boots, and she wore a revolver strapped around her waist under her apron. At 200 pounds, she was said to be a match for any two men in Montana Territory. She had a standing bet that she could knock a man out with one punch, and she never lost a dime to anyone foolish enough to take her up on that bet. By order of the mayor, she was the only woman of reputable character in Casade allowed to drink in the local bar, and while she enjoyed the privilege, she never drank to excess. She became only the second woman the country to manage a mail route.
Buffalo Soldiers
Although the black regulars faced racial prejuidice from individuals both outside the Army and within it, the Army itself needed their services and could not afford to discriminate against them in matters of food, housing, clothing, and equipment. However poor these might be, they were the same that the white troops recieved. The US Army was one of the most impartial institutions of its day, and it attracted men whose ability and endurance assured their regiments’ survival and a place, however small, for black Americans in the nation’s public life. Their outstanding examples of bravery have been credited as to why the Plains Indians called them _______. Some say that it was seen as a personal insult to the very black men in uniform to whom the nickname referred, who at the time used the term ‘Colored’ when referring to themselves in writing. Others say that it was understood to be an honor given out of respect by some of the best warriors in the nation.
James Younger Gang
During their outlaw careers, the ______ brothers and the _____ brothers dealt in fine-blooded stock, raced thoroughbreds and road beautiful American Saddlebreds. All were essential tools of their ‘business’. Also essential to the West’s most famous outlaw brothers’ success was the support of a circle of trusted friends. The ___________, was seen by many Southerners as a collection of well-liked former guerrillas forced into living outside by a repressive Republican Reconstruction federal government. However, these ex-guerillas during the Civil War were to blame for some of the greatest atrocities ever carried out against civilians. They bought a new meaning to the word “terrorism.” It was their circle of close friends that helped them throughout the years and even helped elevate them to iconic staus. Where does one draw the line?
Belle Starr
The life of Mrya Maybelle Shirley, better known as _____, has been romanticized by may writers, and of course, by Hollywood. The appeal of a ‘lovely lady’ leading thieves and rustlers has been powerful throughout the years, often too powerful to allow facts to spoil the stories. _____, according to the legend, was the ‘Bandit Queen’ — a lovely lady who ruled outlaw gangs with her guns, her will, and her personal favors. This amoral, amorous adventures associated with the James boys and the Youngers. She was alledged to have borne Cole Youngers’ illegitimate child. Her marriage to bandit Jim Reed was said to have been preformed on horseback, not by a man of cloth, but by another member of the gang. She has been credited with stealing from the rich and giving to the poor, cleaning out crooked poker games with her six-shooters, and galloping down city streets with pistols blazing. In summarizing her life for a Fort Smith Elevator reporter about a year before her death (she was shot on the way to Younger’s Bend; lots of suspects), ______ said, ‘I regard myself as a woman who as seen much in life.’
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
Unions formed in 1886 that organized skilled workers along craft lines and emphasized a few workplace issues rather than a broad social program. They accepted the wage system. Following the strategy of “pure and simple unionism,” the _____ sought recognition of its union status to bargin with employers for better working conditions, higher wages, and shorter hours. In return, it offered compliant firms the benefit of amendable day-to-day relations with the most highly skilled wage earners.
Plessy vs. Ferguson
Supreme Court decision holding that Louisiana’s railroad segregation law did not violate the Constitution as long as the railroads or state provided equal accomidations
Captians of Industry
Some scholars described nineteenth-century industrialist as ingenious and industrious capitalists who transformed the American economy with theur business acumen. These _____ were the folk heros of their day; faces of men like Andrew Carnegie would rather Olympic gold medal winners. These men seemed to emboy the American dream of “Rags to Riches”
Robber Barons
Some historians have viewed the Gilded Age industrialists as immoral, greedy, and corrupt, and have mustered ample the evidence to support such a view. Bribery, illegal business practices, and cruelty to workers were not uncommon during this period, and many of the most respected industrialists were also feared and hated. These 19th century industrualists were called ________.
Herbert Spencer
______ took Charles Darwin’s theories out of the realm of biology and appiled them to human society. _____, not Darwin, was the first person to coin the phrase “survival of the fittest.” He believed that government intervention in the “natural” processes of human evolution, such as welfare for the poor, public eduaction, and government healthcare, helped weak humans survive, and in the process, underminded the health of the entire race.
Nativism
Favoring the interests and culture of native-born inhabitants over those immigrants
Jim Crow Laws
In the South, local and state government codified racist ideology by passing discriminatory and segregation legislation, which became known as _____. The phrase was made popular by a white minstrel in blackface who used the name “___” to demean all African Americans. By the end of the century, “__________” referred to the customs of segregation that were becoming secured by legislation throughout the South
Segregation
A system of racial control that seperated the races, initially by custom but increasingly by law during and after Reconstruction
George Washington Carver
Born into slavery, he had been invited by Brooker T. Washington to direct agricultural research at the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. A leader in development of agriculture in the New South, he prompted crop diversification to rejuvinate soil that was depleted by the continuous planting of cotton and encouraged the cultivation of alternative, high-protein crops such as peanuts and soybeans.
15th Amendment
Consititutional Amendment that guaranteed the right of American men to vote, regardless of race.
14th Amendment
Constitutional Amendment that conferred national citizenship on all persons born or naturalized in the US
13th Amendment
Constitution Amendment ratified in 1865 that freed all slaves throughout the United States
Open Door Policy
Announced in 1900 by Secretary of State John Hay, this policy states that no European nation was to create a sphere of influence in China to the exclusion of other nations. Seeking equal trade and investment opportunities in foreign nations or regions
NAACP (National Association of the Advancement of Colored People)
Interracial organization founded in 1910 dedicated to restoring African American political and social rights
Theodore Roosevelt
President of the United States from 1901-1909. His eight years as president, which encompassed a mixture of ideals and self-interest, transformed popular expectations of the office and launched a significant reform agenda. He envisioned the federal government as a mediator of the public good with the president at the center. This concept that the presidency operated in the public interest transforned the executive office and led to a major expansion of government. Even though his domestic policy did much to increase America’s strength and status in the world, he is best known for his foreign policy. He became the leader of the Bull-Moose Party and a viable third party candidate seeking a third term as president of the USA
Monroe Doctrine
Written by Secretary of State of union address (Dec 1823) and announced that the US would regard interference in American affairs as an unfriendly act and the western hemisphere was closed to further European colonization. Basically, “stay out of our backyard and we’ll stay out of yours.”
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Flashcard (101)