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What is the function of the plasma membrane?
Separates the cell interior from the environment.
What is the function of mitochondria?
Generates energy.
What is the function of ribosomes?
Synthesizes proteins.
What is the role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
Involved in protein synthesis.
What is the role of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
Synthesizes lipids.
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
Modifies and packages proteins.
What is the function of the nucleus?
Contains DNA and controls cell activities.
What is the role of lysosomes?
Breaks down waste materials.
What is the role of peroxisomes?
Breaks down fatty acids and amino acids.
What do connective cells (e.g., fibroblasts) do?
Support tissues by secreting collagen.
What is the function of epithelial cells?
Protect, absorb, and secrete. They are often hexagonal for tight packing.
What do muscle cells (skeletal, cardiac, smooth) do?
They are specialized for movement.
What is the role of adipocytes?
Store nutrients (fat cells).
What is the role of macrophages?
Immune cells that engulf pathogens.
What is the function of neurons?
Transmit signals throughout the body.
What is the role of reproductive cells (oocytes and sperm)?
Specialized structures for reproduction.
What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?
Covers surfaces, has an apical surface exposed to the environment, and a basal surface attached to the basement membrane.
What are the types of epithelial tissue?
Simple (one layer), Stratified (multiple layers).
What are the shapes of epithelial cells?
Squamous (flat), Cuboidal (cube-shaped), Columnar (tall).
What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?
Endocrine glands are ductless and secrete hormones, while exocrine glands have ducts and release secretions onto surfaces.
What are the characteristics of connective tissue?
Supports and connects body parts.
What are the types of connective tissue?
Loose (areolar), Adipose, Dense, and Bone.
What are the characteristics of muscle tissue?
Specialized for contraction and movement.
What are the types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal (striated), Cardiac (striated), and Smooth (non-striated).
What is nervous tissue composed of?
Neurons and neuroglia; responsible for transmitting electrical impulses.
What are the types of passive transport across the plasma membrane?
Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitated diffusion, Filtration.
What are the types of active transport?
Na+K+ Pump, Vesicular Transport (endocytosis, exocytosis).
What is the role of tonics in cell physiology?
Tonics determine how water moves across a membrane via osmosis.
What is an isotonic solution?
Water moves equally in both directions across the membrane.
What is a hypotonic solution?
The solution has a lower concentration of solutes than the inside of the cell.
What is a hypertonic solution?
The solution has a higher concentration of solutes than the inside of the cell.
What happens during DNA replication and mitosis?
Identical cells are produced.
What happens during transcription?
DNA is used to create mRNA.
What happens during translation?
Ribosomes read mRNA to assemble proteins.
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