HDFS 2700 exam final

violence

an act carried out with the intention or perceived intention of causing physical pain or injury to another person

abuse

acts of violence as well as neglect, verbal, sexual, and emotional harm

why does violence/ abuse occur?

cultural factors, structural stress, inequality, media

cultural factors of violence

rape culture

structural stress

decrease resources for handling stress

inequality

power

male dominance

adult dominance

why families are violent

1. individualistic explanations

2. ecological model

   1. social learning model

individualistic explanations

approach that emphasizes how the abusers violence is related to a

• personality disorder

• mental or emotional illness

• substance use disorder

may be appealing to abusers as they can exclude abuse as not delibertly hurtful or abusive

ecological model

increased risk for child abuse for families that are under a tremendous amount of stress

social learning model

people learn to be violent from society and their families

children learn to become violent they:

• are victims of abuse

• witness abuse

if witnesses domestic abuse or were physically abused as a child

• teaches that those who love you hit you

• establishes link between love/ intimacy and violence

abusers often grew up in violent homes

• but not all who are abused grow up to be violent

types of intimate violence

1. common couples violence

2. intimate terror

3. violence resistance

4. mutual violent control

common couples violence

usually erupts in an argument and does not result in serious injury

intimate terror

one partner tries to dominate and control another

violence resistance

for self-protection, usually perpetrated by women

mutual violent control

both partners are trying to violently control each other

personal factors that can lead to violence

1. qualities that can lead to stress

2. low self-esteem

3. gender

qualities that can lead to stress

colicky, disabilities, hyperactive, and chronic illness

low self-esteem

perpetrator → by dominating, feel in better control

abused → may feel they deserve treatment

gender

incidence/expression of partner abuse similar → male to female battering similar numbers as male to female

motivation and outcomes differ

women are more likely to have injuries or be more severe injuries

men motivation for violence

instrumental

• use to get control/ power over a partner

• men who influence violence on women tend to believe in traditional gender roles

women’s motivation for violence

self-defense

retaliation

anger and frustration

dating violence vs marital violence

some issues involving in dating violence are different than those generally found in spousal violence

marital violence

violence may stem from domestic issues such as house keeping or child rearing

dating violence

far more likely to be precipitated by jealousy and rejection

different types of uncommon family violence

elder abuse, parents as victims, and between siblings e

elder abuse

under-reported; aprox. only ¼ cases reported

parents as victims

both boys and girls are more likely to be violent towards mother

younger children more likely to hit a parent than older

between siblings

most common form of family violence

child abuse and neglect

not recognized as a serious problem until the 60s

various aspects of child mistreatment

• neglect, physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse

neglect

failure to meet a child’s basic needs in food, housing, clothing, education, and access to medical care

physical abuse

actions such as hitting, kicking, shaking, or burning a child that results in a child sustaining an injury or dying

emotional abuse

subjecting a child to behaviors such as name-calling, threatening, withholding affection, and shaming

these actions can harm the child’s emotional well being and sense of self worth

child sexual abuse includes actions of

• exhibitions or exploiting oneself to a minor

• fondling

• masturbation in the presence of a minor or forcing a minor to masturbate

• obscene conversation, phone calls, text messages, or digital interactions

• producing, owning, or sharing pornographic images or movies of children

• sex of any kind with a minor including vaginal, oral, or anal

• sex trafficking

• any other contact of a sexual nature that involves a minor

2/3 of children that are sexually abused are ages …

12-17, the rest are under 12

1 in 9 girls and 1 in 20 boys under 18

experience sexual abuse

82% of all victims are what gender

women

perpetrators of child abuse

• The majority of perpetrators are someone the child or family knows

• as many as 93% of victims under the age og 18 know the abuser

• a perpetrator does not have to be an adult to harm a child, they can have any relationship to the child, including an older sibling, playmate, family member, teacher, coach, instructor, caretaker, or the parent of another child

initial effects of child abuse

• ptsd

• emotional disturbance (fear, anxiety, guilt, shame)

• social disturbances (running away, truancy)

• physical changes (changes in eating or sleeping)

• sexual disturbances (open masturbation's and sexual preoccupation)

long term effects of child sexual abuse

• betrayal

• lack of trust of others

• feeling of powerlessness

• low self-image

• depression

• lack of clear boundaries between self and others

• Greater anxiety/ less pleasure from sex

• engaging in more frequent sexual encounters

• may affect ability to maintain long term sexual relationships

why was there an increase in divorces

1. economic factors

2. decreased social and moral constrictions

3. high expectations

4. more liberal divorce laws

   1. interaction factors

economic factors that lead to divorce

decrease economic interdependence

• a traditionally, family self-sufficient, productive unit

  • each role was needed for survival

  • Now, many needs are met outside the home

Women employed outside of the house

• divorce rate increased as women’s employment opportunities increased

• no evidence that a wife working in and of itself weakens marriage

  • but gives economic power and independence to leave

decreased social and moral constraints in divorce

more divorce models

• more divorced ppl know, a more normal divorce seems

  • more socially acceptable

• fewer moral and religious sanctions

  • don’t promote divorce but, make more of an effort to help couples

• increases in individualistic values

  • in U.S. value personal freedom/ happiness/ fulfilment

    • if not happy, leave

high expectations

functions of families of change

• the primary function of the family is emotional/ intamacy needs

• if not meeting these needs, no other reason to stay together

the “ideal” marriage

more liberal divorce laws

fault divorce, no-fault divorce f

fault divorce

previously had to prove one partner at fault for relationship demise no

no-fault divorce

can claim irreconciled differences or incompatibllity

interaction factors that lead to divorce

more negation required

• gender roles are more frequently defined

life course factors that can lead to divorce

age at marriage, premarital pregnancy, cohabitation, remarriage, intergenerational transmittion

intergenerational transmittion

if your parents got divorce, your more likely to get divorced

the 6 stages of divorce

1. emotional divorce

2. legal divorce

3. economic divorce

4. co-parental divorce

5. community divorce

6. psychic divorce

emotional divorce

shift from pos. to neg. emotions or indifferences

decreased intimacy

• decreased sex frequency

• stop listening to each others dreams

• stop being friends

legal divorce

court-ordered termination of marriage

economic divorce

settlement of joint property

threat of declining living standard (especially for women)

co-parental divorce

if they have kids, decisions about custody/ child support/ visitation

community divorce

changes in community of friends/ relatives

divorce and friends can feel awkward

desire to find new friends/ dating partners

psychic divorce

regain psychological anatomy

• emotionally free of partners’ influence

feel whole and complete as a single person.

consequences of divorce on spouses

psychological

• the “left”

  • more vulnerable to depression → not their choice

  • think more about the divorce

women psychological consequences after a divorce

• better off emotionally

• move into more independent roles

• rise in self-esteem

• increased confidence

men psychologically after a divorce

• more likely to date and remarry quickly

• more stressed, unhappy, and isolated

• But some experience and consequences

  • personal growth, greater autonomy, and self confidence

finical consequences on women

• tend to suffer greater consequences

• makes less money than former spouse

• limited job opportunities during marriage- skills may be outdated

• typically have custody

• may not receive/ have adequate child support payments

telling children

• may be more relieved if they knew long before rather than found out abruptly

• may be more relieved if the conflict between parents was frequent

• fear of moving/ not seeing parents

• major theme: will life be better or worse?

stages of divorce in children

initial → transition →stabilization

initial stage

• from decision of separation to about one year

• high stress, conflict, unhappiness

• partially due to the disruption to routines- everyday and holidays ect.

transition stage

• extremes in emotions decrease

• process of restructuring life and dealing with social and economic changes

  • living arrangements (maybe moving)

  • making new friends/ losing old ones

  • visitation schedule

restabilization

• achieved about 5 years post-separation

• new patterns incorporated into daily life/ “new normal”

developmental tasks in divorce for children

1. Acknowledging parents separation

2. disengaging from parental conflict

3. resolving loss

4. Resolving anger and self-blame

5. accepting the finality of divorce

6. achieving realistic expectations about one’s own later relationships success

disengaging from parental conflic

need to psychologically distance themselves

• so can function in their own everyday activities and not be overwhelmed by parents crisis

resolving loss

loss everyday contact with both parents

allowing them to grieve

resolving anger and self-blame

kids- especially younger- blame self

kids- especially older- angry about disruption to lives

if parental conflict may have wished parents to divorce (feel guilty if they do, as if they caused)

accepting the finality of divorce

• younger kids have fairy-tale wishes of parents getting back together

• must realized won’t likely get back together

• easier for older children

achieving realistic expectations about own later relationship success

may not have role models for good relationships

understand that their parents’ divorce doesn’t mean their future relationships will be unsuccessful

infants reactions to divorce

• not aware

• harmful if disrupt attachment or not meeting needs

preschool/ toddlers reactions to divorce

• haven’t learned to “screen” emotions

• move from one emotion to another

grade school reaction to divorce

• often have the hardest time/ most difficult

• sad, anxious about future

• may blame self or parents

adolcents Reactions to divorce

• often angry with/blame parents

  • don’t typically blame oneself

• may distance from parents to protect themselves from parental conflict

• may have hard time with parents dating

long term consequences of divorce on children

• more likely to experience problems

  • weakened ties with non-custodial parent

  • reduced school performance

  • behavioral problems

  • psychological problems

• some may become well adjusted

  • depends on parental relationships before and after divorce

minimizing the negative effects on children

• communication

• healthy parental psychological functioning

• Cooperative relationships between parents

• allowing children to grieve

• maintain involved non-consodial parents

• good parenting skills/ strategies

• regular and consistant child-support payments

• divorce education for children