Personal Finance (business key terms)

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Exploring a Business topic

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49 Terms

1
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functions of money

  • unit of account

  • means of exchange

  • store of value

  • legal tender

2
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expenditure

the action of spending funds → needed to cover all expenses e.g bills

3
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interest rate

the cost of borrowing money/the reward for saving money

4
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debt

money owed

5
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credit rating

a score given to individuals on how likely they are to repay debts based upon their previous actions

6
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bankrupt

when an organisation or individual legally states its inability to repay debts

7
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solvent

the ability to meet day-to-day expenditure and repay debts

8
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different methods of payment

  • cash

  • debit card

  • cheque

  • electronic transfer

  • direct debit

  • standing order

  • pre-paid card

  • contactless card

  • charge card

  • store card

  • mobile banking

  • BACS (Banker’s Automates Clearing Service Faster Payment)

  • CHAPS (Clearing House Automated Payment System)

9
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overdraft

the ability to withdraw money that you don’t have from a current account

10
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current account

an account with a bank or building society designed for frequent use, e.g regular deposits and withdrawals

11
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features of a current account

  • rate of interest paid on an positive balance

  • rate of interest charged on a negative balance

  • overdraft limit

  • changes on unauthorised overdrafts

    • additional incentives

12
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types of current accounts

  • standard

  • packaged, premium

  • basic

  • student

13
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types of borrowing

  • overdraft

  • personal loans

  • hire purchase

  • mortgages

  • credit cards

  • payday loans

14
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types of savings and investment

  • ISA (Individuals Savings Account)

  • deposits and savings account

  • premium bonds

  • bonds and gilts

  • shares

  • pensions

15
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shareholder

someone who has invested in a company in return for equity i.e a share of the business

16
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savings

placing money in a secure place so that it grows in value and be used in the future

17
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risks of saving

  • low or zero risk as money saved is guaranteed to be available in the future

  • inflations can reduce the spending power of money saved

18
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rewards of saving

  • interest payments

  • financial security/peace of mind

19
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investment

speculative commitment to a business venture in the hope that it generates a financial reward

20
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risks of investment

  • can go wrong and all or some of the value may be lost

  • no guarantee of a return

21
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rewards of investment

  • if successful, there is potential for a high financial return (significantly higher than could be earned in interest)

  • can be exciting, some people will invest in shares, antiques art or foreign currencies, for e.g in the hope of high returns

22
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insurance

an agreement with a third party to provide compensation against financial loss in line with the conditions laid down in the policy agreement

23
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types of insurance

  • car

  • health

  • home and contents

  • pet

  • travel

  • life assurance and insurance

24
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financial insitutions

organisations that offer financial services to individuals and'/or businesses e.g services like deposit/withdraw money, obtain credit, make investments etc.

25
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types of institutions/organisations

  • Bank of England

  • Banks

  • Building Societies

  • Credit Unions

  • National Savings and Investment

  • Insurance companies

  • Pension companies

  • Pawn brokers

  • Payday loans

26
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methods of interacting with customers

  • branch

  • online banking

  • telephone banking

  • mobile banking

  • postal banking

27
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organisations + laws concerned with protecting consumer rights

  • FCA (Financial Conduct Authority)

  • FOS (Financial Ombudsman Service)

  • FSCS (Financial Services Compensation Scheme)

  • OFT (Office of Fair Trading

  • legislation : consumer credit

28
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government funded/independent organisations offering guidance and advice to individuals on personal finance

  • citizens advice

  • Independent Financial Advisor (IFA)

  • price comparison websites

  • money advice services

  • debt counsellors

  • Individual Voluntary Arrangements (IVAs) Bankruptcy

29
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financial transactions

actions by a business that involve money going into or out of a business e.g making a sale or paying a bill

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fraud

when an individual acquires money from a company for personal gain through illegal actions

31
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how can a business measure its financial performance?

  • profit

  • loss

  • gross profit

  • operating profit

  • net profit

32
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formula for the three types of profit mentioned

  • gross profit = sales - cost of goods

  • operating profit = gross profit - expenses

  • net profit = gross profit - expenses + revenue income

33
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assets

item of value owned by a business that are likely to stay in a business for more than a year

34
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fixed assets

any item of value owned by an individual or firm

35
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trade receivables

money owed to the business from sales made but not yet paid for

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trade payable

money the business owes from supplies purchased but not yet paid for

37
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opening inventory

the value of inventory (stock) at the start of the financial year

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closing inventory

the value of inventory (stock) at the end of the financial year

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types of income + definition

  • capital income → the money invested by the owners or other investors that is used to set up a business or buy additional equipment

  • revenue income → the money that comes into the business from performing its day to day function — selling goods or providing a service

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loan

amount of money lent to a business or business owner from a bank or other financial insitutions

41
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mortgages

similar to a loan but tends to be for a larger sum of money and over a longer period of time (typically 25 years)

42
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shares

units of stock issued by a corporation that represents ownership

43
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owners capital

money invested in a business from the owners own personal savings

44
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debentures

a medium to-long term sources of capital income

45
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commission

a fee paid to a salesperson in exchange for services in facilitating or completing a sales transaction. commission could be a flat fee or a percentage of the revenue, gross margin or profit generates by the sale. it could also be charged by brokers to assist in the sale of security e.g properties

46
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capital items

assets bought from capital expenditure such as machinery and vehicles that will stay in the business for more than a year

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intangible assets

something owned by the business that cannot be touched but adds value to the business e.g goodwill, patents, trademarks, brand name

48
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depreciation

a paper exercise to match the costs of an asset against time it is used within a business

49
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internal sources of finance

money available to fund expenditure from within the business e.g retained profit, net current assets, sales of assets